Toxicology

<p>Applications Labeled Lauric Acid which may be used in combination with drug loading to reduce side effects, such as irritation with clarithromycin.<br>References Liu, X. et al.: Int. J. Pharma., 443, 318 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Oxo-7a-hydroxy Clopidogrel is an impurity found in clopidogrel (C587250).<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled major (toxic) metabolite of Styrene (S687790), catalyzed by epoxide hydrolase.<br>References Shen, S. et al.: Drug Metab. Disp., 38, 1934 (2010); Carlson, G.P. et al.: J. Toxicol. Env. Health, 73, 1689 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Isodimethoate is an isomer of Dimethoate (D460505), which is an organophosphate insecticide. Isodimethoate is present in usual pesticide formulations of Dimethoate that is anticholinesterase which disables cholinesterase, an enzyme essential for central nervous system function and thus is neurotoxic for humans. Isodimethoate reacts with human red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) rendering part of AChE making it non-reactivatable.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Tripathy, N.K. et al.: Mut. Res. Gen. Toxicol. Test., 206, 351 (1988); Papp, A. et al.: Pest. Biochem. Physiol., 61, 21 (1998); Eyer, P., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 75, 2045 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1,1'-Sulfonylbis[2-(methylthio)ethane]-d6 is the labelled analgoue of 1,1'-Sulfonylbis[2-(methylthio)ethane] which is an intermediate in synthesizing Bis(methylsulfinylethyl)sulfone (B494850), a sulfur mustard metabolite found in urine.<br>References Black, R., et al.: Xenobiotica, 22, 405 (1992); Li, C., et al.: J. Chromatogr. B, 917-918, 100 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 21-Di[methylenebis(oxy)] 5α-Dihydrocortisol is an intermediate in the synthesis of Allo-3α-tetrahydro Cortisol 3-O-β-D-Glucuronide Sodium Salt-d7 (A548512), which is a metabolite of Cortisol (H714615) in human plasma.<br>References Ikegawa, S. et al.: Anal. Chem., 81, 10124 (2009); Kornel, L. et al.: J. Steroid. Biochem., 13, 751 (1980); Kornel, L. et al.: J. Steroid Biochem., 6, 1267 (1975);<br></p>

<p>Applications (1R,2S)-erythro-Dihydro Bupropion Maleate is a metabolite of Bupropion (B689625), a selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake. An antidepressant of the aminoketone class; aid in smoking cessation.<br>References Writer, J.H., et. al.: Sci. Total Environ., 461 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,2-Difluoroethanol is toxic. It has wide applications in pesticides, medicine and fluoropolymers,<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Jiang, Q., et al.: Zhejiang Huagong, 43, 5 (2012); Yukako, M., et al.: J. Fluorine Chem., 125, 731 (2004); Siegemund, G., et al.: Fluorine Comp. Org., Wiley-VCH (2007); Timperley, C., et al.: J. Fluorine Chem., 123, 65 (2003)<br></p>

<p>Applications Febuxostat 67M-1 is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. It reduces uric acid production in the body and also used to reduce the risk of gout or kidney stone formation.<br>References Du, J., et al.: Handbook of Metabolic Pathways of Xenobiotics, 4, 1395 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications Nifluridide also known as L-27 reduces the growth and metastasis of MCF-7 tumor cells in xenografts models and thus may provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast and other types of cancer. A potential KGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nifluridide is also used in several pesticidal and insecticide compositions.<br>References Kesinger, J. W., et al.: Anticancer Res., 35, 47 (2015); Borth, P. W., et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 79, 1632 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Dehydro-21-deoxy Cortisol is a metabolite of Cortisol (H714615), a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland. Cortisol is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism.<br>References Hechter, O., et al.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 25, 457 (1950); Colingsworth, D.R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 203, 807 (1953); Florey, K., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 12, 277 (1983);<br></p>

<p>Applications Anti-inflammatory agent.<br>References Jeong, G. et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 644, 230 (2010); Washiyama, M. et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 32, 941 (2009)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Light Sensitive<br>Applications Intermediate for the synthesis of Furosemide Acyl-β-D-glucuronide.<br></p>

<p>Applications Anesthetic.<br>References DesJarlais, R., et al.: J. Med. Chem ., 31, 722 (1988), Woo, Y., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 79, 219 (1995), Blundell, T., et al.: Nature, 384, 23 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Applications An additive which contributes spiciness to foods. This compound is also often used as a regent in the preparation of its reduced alcohol, a compound commonly used in perfumery.<br>References Hardcastle, I., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 57, 801 (1999), Mookdasanit, J., et al.: Food Sci. Technol. Res., 8, 367 (2002), Jang, Y., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 7892 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications A novel, potent, and highly selective SGLT2 inhibitor that has been shown to improve glycemic control in diabetic mice and rats.<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Hydroxy Atrazine (H828600). Hydroxy Atrazine is a major metabolite of Atrazine (A794600).<br>References Thurman, E., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 2440 (1992), Evgenidou, E., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 6423 (2002), Namiesnik, J., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 381, 279 (2005), Hultgren, S., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 393, 929 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications N,N-Dimethyl-2-aminosulfonyl-4-formamidobenzamide is a key intermediate in the preparation of the sulfonylurea herbicide Foramsulfuron (F685003).<br>References Liu, Q., et al.: Xiandai Nongyao, 11, 19 (2012); Ford, M. J., et al.: From PCT Int. Appl. (2001), WO 2001042226 A1 20010614<br></p>

<p>Applications Tetrahydrophthalic Acid is a plasticizer; used in preparation method of concrete coating. Also, used in preparation method of polyester resin for two-piece can ink.<br>References Mao, X., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, (2020); Zhang, L., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, (2020);<br></p>

<p>Applications is the labeled analogue of Cyprodinil (C989060), which is a a broad-spectrum fungicide of the class of pyrimidinamines. It is commonly used for protection of cereal crops and fruits against fungal infections.<br>References Heye, U.J. et al.: Bright. Crop Prot. Conf., Pests Dis., 2, 501 (1994); Boric, B. et al.: Pesticidi, 12, 277 (1997); Knauf-Beiter, G. et al.: Plant Dis., 79, 1098 (1995);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,5-Bis(Trifluoromethyl)Nitrobenzene (cas# 320-88-7) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-[[2'-(1H-Tetrazol-5-Yl)[1,1'-Biphenyl]-4-Yl]Methyl]Amine (cas# 147225-68-1) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-[4-[[(2R,4S)-2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine is an intermediate in the synthesis of derivatives of Itraconazole (I937500), an orally active antimycotic and antifungal compound.<br>References Heeres, J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 27, 894 (1984);<br></p>

<p>Stability Unstable in Solution<br>Applications (S)-(-)-Carbidopa is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor that is commonly used in combination with L-DOPA (D533751) for treatment of Parkinsonism. S(-)-Carbidopa ( has also been shown to prolong the elimination half-life of L-DOPA from blood plasma and skeletal muscle.<br>References Henry, G.M. et al.: Psychosom. Med., 38, 95 (1976); Leguire, L.E. et al.: Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34, 3090 (1993); Deleu, D. et al.: Naun. Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 348: 576 (1993);<br></p>

<p>Applications Triadimenol-d4 (4-chlorophenoxy-d4) (mixture of stereoisomers) (CAS# 2121989-56-6) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,5-Dichlorophenol-d3 is the labelled analogue of 2,5-Dichlorophenol (D436105), which is an intermediates in the manufacture of more complex chemical compounds such as fungicides.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Wang, F., et al.: Bull. Enviro. Contamin. Toxicol., 89, 316 (2012); Zhong, W., et al.: J. Hazard. Mat., 217, 286 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications 11-Hydroxytestosterone-[9,11,12,12-2H4] is a metabolite of Testosterone (T155000), a principal hormone of the testes, produced by the interstitial cells.<br>References McFarland, K., et al.: Science, 245, 494 (1989), Heckert, L., et al.: Mol. Endocrinol., 12, 1499<br></p>

<p>Applications Pemetrexed Disodium Heptahydrate is an chemotherapy drug for the treatment of pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer. Pemetrexed Disodium Heptahydrate exhibit inhibitory activities towards thymidylate synthase as well as other folate dependent enzymes.<br>References Vogelzang, N.J., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 21,2636 (2003); Paz-Ares, L., et al.: Lancet. Oncol., 13, 247 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Quinalphos is an organothiophosphate pesticide.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Lehotay, S., et al.: J. AOAC Int., 88, 595 (2005); Paya, P., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 389, 197 (2007)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methyl Esomeprazole-d3 is the isotope labelled analog of N-Methyl Esomeprazole (M304640); an impurity of Omeprazole (O635000) which a compound that binds covalently to proton pumps and inhibits gastric secretion. Also used as an antiulcerative.<br>References Muller, P., et al.: Arzneimittel-Forsch., 33, 1685 (1983); Wallmark, B., et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 778, 549 (1984); Morii, M., et al.: J. Biol. chem., 268, 21553 (1993); Ritter, M., et al.: Br. J. Pharmacol., 124, 627 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications The R-enantiomer of Penbutolol (P220500).<br>References Armstrong, D., et al.: Anal. Chem., 66, 1473 (1994), Kato, M., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 30, 1845 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Applications (1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-1-(Acetoxymethyl)-5-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,3,4-triyl Triacetate is an antidiabetic agent and an Ertugliflozin (1210344-57-2) intermediate.<br>References Bowles, P., et al.: Org. Process Res. Dev., 18, 66-81 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications Cholinesterase inhibitor. Use as systemic insecticide, acaricide, nematocide. Used in Pesticide detection.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Dorough, W.H., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 16, 319 (1968),<br></p>

<p>Applications Caffeine-D10 is the labeled compound of Caffeine(C080100). Caffeine (Pentoxifylline EP Impurity F) is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug and a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (1,2,3). Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants. In humans, caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant, temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Caffeine is a cardiac and respiratory stimulant; diuretic. Caffeine is toxic at sufficiently high doses. Caffeine is a non-competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (3).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Zubair, U.M., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 15, 71 (1986); Cherrah, Y., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 37, 1311 (1988);<br></p>

<p>Applications NLG919-d10 is the isotope labelled analog of NLG919 (N630000). NLG919 is a potent indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway inhibitor and is suitable for the treatment of immunosuppression associated with cancer.<br>References Mautino, M.R., et al.: Cancer Res., 73, no pp. (2013); Li, M., et al.: J. Immunother. Cancer, 2, no pp. (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications (S,S)-Dihydro Bupropion β-D-Glucuronide is a glucuronide metabolite of the drug Bupropion (B689625, HCl salt). Bupropion is a selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake.<br>References Soroko, F., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 29, 769 (1977), Tucker, W.E., J. Clin. Psychiatry, 44, 60 (1983), Hsyu, P-H., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 37, 737 (1997), West, R., et al.: Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 4, 533 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Abacavir EP Impurity C; Abacavir USP Related Compound A<br>Applications Descyclopropyl Abacavir (Abacavir EP Impurity C; Abacavir Related Compound A) is an intermediate of Abacavir (A105000). Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br>References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Applications Metamizole Magnesium Salt is an analgetic, non-opioid drug used in human and veterinary medicinal treatments.<br>References Jasiecka, A. et al.: Polish J. Vet. Sci., 17, 207 (2014); Rogosch, T. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 20, 101 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Bosentan Acetate is a mixed endothelin receptor antagonist. Used as a vasodilator. Antihypertensive.<br>References Clozel, M., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 270, 228 (1994), Gutsch, G., et al.: Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 10, 717 (1996), Weber, C., et al.: Clin Pharmacol. Ther., 60, 124 (1996), Krum, H., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 784 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications Synthetic thrombin inhibitor. Antithrombotic.<br>References Abiko, Y., et al.: Thromb. Res., 24, 285 (1981), Kikumoto, R., et al.: Biochemistry, 23, 85 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications Palmitoyl-L-carnitine-d3 Hydrochloride is labelled Palmitoyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride (P155050), a long-chain fatty ester of carnitine which is accumulated and released into the circulation, in fatty-acid oxidation defects. Pattern of Lauroyl-L-carnitine can be diagnostic for a number of ß-oxidation defects.<br>References Ventura, F., et al.: Clinica Chimica Acta, 281, 1 (1999); Pourfarzam, M., et al.: Clinical Chem,, 40, 2267 (1994); Schaefer, J., et al.: Pediatric Res., 37, 354 (1995)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A metabolite of Codeine (C634075). Analgesic (narcotic); antitussive.<br>References Frances, B., et al.: J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 25, 262 (1992), Osborne, R., et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharm., 34, 130, (1992),<br></p>

<p>Applications Loratadine (L469575) Impurity. An isomer of N-Methyl Desloratadine (M316500).<br>References Zhong, D., et al.: Pharmazie, 49, 736 (1994); Ruperez, F., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 29, 35 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled 2-Furfurylthiol Acetate (F864600). 2-Furfurylthiol Acetate is a sulfur-substituted furan derivative used as flavouring agent. 2-Furfurylthiol Acetate is a precursor to furfurylmercaptan which is very prone to oxidation to the disulfide. We will provide a detailed procedure for the preparation of the thiol from the thioacetate with spectral data upon request.<br>References Engel, K., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 2249 (1991), Jones, M., et al.: J. Exp. Bot., 55, 1903 (2004), Gershater, M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 282, 21460 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Desmethyl Sorafenib (Pyridine)-N-oxide is a metabolite of Sorafenib (S676850) and has anti-proliferative activity in human breast cancer cells.<br>References Tolcher, A.W., et al.: Cancer Chemoth. Pharm., 67, 751 (2011); Cui, P.H., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 86, 419 (2013); Ghassabian, S., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 84, 215 (2012)<br></p>