Benzimidazole and Imidazole Derivatives

<p>Applications 4,4'-Dibromobenzophenone is a reagent used in the synthesis of polyelectrolytes which serve as fluorescent visualizers for intracellular imaging with good biocompatibility.<br>References Hu, R., et al.: Chem. Asian J., 8, 2436-2445 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4'-Desmethoxy Omeprazole is one of two impurities in the synthesis of Esomeprazole, an anti-ulcerative drug for treatment of acid-related diseases.<br>References Liu, X., et al.: Lat. Am. J. Pharm., 34, 1265-1268 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Omeprazole (O635000) impurity.<br>References Allenmark, S., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 136, 293 (1984), Besancon, M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 272, 22438 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of Omeprazole metabolites<br></p>

<p>Applications: 2-Cyclopropylmethylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone is a benzodiazepine derivative.<br>References Japp, M. et al.: J. Chrom., 439, 317 (1988); Guan, F. et al.: J. Anal Toxicol., 23, 54 (1999);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-{[4-(4-Methyloxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-phenyl}-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]-triazol-3-one, is an intermediate for the synthesis of Itraconazole (I937500), an Antifungal.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Demethylated metabolite of the anesthetic agent, Zolazepam (Z613500).<br>References Baukema, J. et al.: Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 10, 227 (1975);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Omeprazole EP Impurity XI<br>Applications 2-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridine Hydrochloride (Omeprazole EP Impurity XI) is an intermediate in the production of the antiulcer agent Omeprazole.<br>References Roma, G., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 2886 (2007), Hoffmann, S., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 180, 9 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Prazepam-d5, is the labeled analogue of Prazepam (P702250), a benzodiazepine derivative drug having anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.<br>References Shader R. I., et al.: Ciba. Found. Symp., (74), 141 (1979); Jacqmin, P., et al.: Neuropsychobiology, 19 (4), 186 (1988);<br></p>

<p>Applications Temazepam is a pharmacologically active metabolite of Diazepam. It is used as a sedative and hypnotic drug.<br>References Sarteschi, P., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 22, 93 (1972), Schwandt, H.J., et al.: Xenobiotica, 4, 733 (1974), Curry, S.H., et al.: Br. J. Pharmacol., 57, 427 (1976), Heel, R.C., et al.: Drugs, 21, 321 (1981),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A metabolite of Metronidazole.<br>References Kokwaro, G.O., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 45, 1243 (1993), Sidelmann, U.G. , et al.: Xenobiotica, 26, 709 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Applications (2-Chlorophenyl)diphenylmethane is a triarylmethane with antiproliferative activity. (2-Chlorophenyl)diphenylmethane is an impurity of the antifungal agent Clotrimazole (C587400).<br>References Al-Qawasmeh, R.A. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 14, 347 (2004);<br></p>

<p>Applications A component of herbicidal mixtures of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors with VLCFA inhibitors.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Aptula, A., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 19, 1097 (2006), Chan, K., et al.: J. Appl. Toxicol., 28, 608 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Lurasidone Opened Imide is an impurity in the synthesis of Lurasidone (L474920) which is antipsychotic used for treatment of schizophrenia.<br>References Ishiyama, T., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 572, 160 (2007); Cole, P., et al.: Drugs of the Fut., 33, 316 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4,9-Diisobutyl-1,6-diazecane-2,7-dione is in impurity of rac-Pregabalin (P704800) which is a GABA analogue used as an anticonvulsant.<br>References Taylor, C.P., at al.: Epilepsy Res., 14, 11 (1993), Field, M.J., et al.: Pain, 80, 391 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications Varenicline-d2,15N2 Dihydrochloride, is the labelled dihydrochloride salt of Varenicline (V098492), a nicotinic α4β2 acetylcholine receptor partial agonist. Aids in smoking cessation.<br>References Benowitz, N., et al.: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 44, 23 (1988), Cohen, C., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 306, 407 (2003), Tapper, A., et al.: Science, 306, 1029 (2004), Coe, J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 48, 3474 (2005), Obach, R., et al.: Drug Metab. Disp., 34, 121 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Oxybutynin EP impurity B is a metabolite of oxybutynin and is a natural product. It is used as an analytical reference substance, to develop new drugs, and in pharmacopoeia in order to measure the purity of oxybutynin. The compound is synthesized by chemical synthesis and can be used as a standard for HPLC analysis.</p>

<p>2,12-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-9-methoxy-12-thioxobenzo [4,5] pyrido [1,2-c] imidazo [1,2-a] imidazol-2-one is a synthetic compound that has not been evaluated in humans. This compound is an impurity standard for the synthesis of an API. The purity of this compound is &gt;98% and it has been shown to be stable under acidic conditions.</p>

<p>Lansoprazole impurity H is a metabolite of lansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor that inhibits the production of stomach acid. Lansoprazole impurity H is used in research and development as an analytical standard to measure lansoprazole concentrations in drug products. It is also used as an impurity standard for pharmacopoeia purposes. Lansoprazole impurity H is not known to be toxic, but it has not been evaluated for carcinogenicity or reproductive toxicity.</p>

<p>(R,R)-Solifenacin succinate is a pharmaceutical agent that acts as an antimuscarinic drug. It has been shown to be effective in wastewater treatment, where it was found to reduce the amount of solifenacin and optimised organic chemicals in the water. This drug has also been shown to have antagonist properties against the muscarinic receptor M3.</p>

<p>Pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide is a prodrug that is converted to the active form pantoprazole in the stomach where it inhibits gastric acid secretion. Pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide has been shown to be genotoxic, and can cause polyvinyl chloride to degrade when stored together. Reconstituted solution of this drug should be used within 24 hours after reconstitution, as the chemical stability of this drug decreases rapidly. Validation studies have been conducted on different analytical methods for determining pantoprazole concentrations in reconstituted solutions, and these methods have been harmonized with those published by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). The pump inhibitor activity of pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide has been demonstrated in dogs, and it is also useful for treating acid reflux disease in humans. Pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide is unstable at high temperatures (&gt;25°C), so should not be refrigerated or</p>

<p>N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl-a-(1-Hydroxycyclopentyl)phenylacetate hydrochloride (DMAEA) is a drug that is used as an ophthalmic. It has been shown to be safe and effective in patients with chronic open angle glaucoma, and it may also have some efficacy for the treatment of other conditions such as uveitis and retinal detachment. DMAEA is thought to work by binding to the DNA in the eye’s optic nerve cells and blocking the production of leukotrienes. This drug has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties.</p>

<p>2-Methoxy-5-methyL-N,N-bis(1-methyLethyl)-gamma-phenyLbenzenepropanamine fumarate (DMXBPC) is an analgesic that has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 and is also cytotoxic. DMXBPC has significant cholinergic activity and can inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in the prostate gland. DMXBPC binds to the pyridine ring of DOPA and inhibits its conversion to dopamine. The enantiomers of DMXBPC have different effects on inhibition of phospholipase A2, with the (+) form being more potent than the (-) form. This is due to the fact that (+)DMXBPC binds more tightly to the enzyme than (-)DMXBPC does.</p>

<p>Donepezil benzyl bromide is a by-product of donepezil hydrochloride, which is an industrially important drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease. It has been shown to be more efficient than its hydrochloride form. Donepezil benzyl bromide is a crystalline substance that is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents such as acetone or ethanol. The compound can be purified through recrystallization from an appropriate solvent.</p>

<p>Oxybutynin EP impurity A is a metabolite of oxybutynin, an antispasmodic drug. It has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis. Oxybutynin EP impurity A is the major metabolite of oxybutynin and has been shown to be pharmacologically active in humans.</p>

<p>Dehydrodeoxy donepezil is an analytical standard that is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. It is a synthetic drug impurity, and its CAS number is 120013-45-8. Dehydrodeoxy donepezil can be found in the API impurity grade of various drugs, including those that are manufactured by Custom synthesis and natural synthesis. The pharmacopoeia states that dehydrodeoxy donepezil has a purity level of 98% or greater. This product can also be found as a metabolite in humans, with its half-life being approximately 40 minutes.</p>

<p>1-[[3-Methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]-2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]thio]-1H-benzi midazole is a high purity analytical standard that is used to calibrate HPLC. It is found as an impurity in the drug product and as a metabolite. 1-[(3-Methyl-4-(2,2,2 -trifluoroethoxy) - 2 - pyridinyl) methyl] - 2 - [[[3 - methyl (4 ( 2 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethoxy) - 2 pyridinyl) methyl] thio] - 1 H benzimidazole is the IUPAC name for this compound. This chemical has been synthesized</p>

<p>(4R)-1-(4-O-b-D-Galactopyranosyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-2-pyrrolidinone is a synthetic, impurity standard and research and development compound. (4R)-1-(4-O-b-D-Galactopyranosyl-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-2pyrrolidinone is used as an analytical reference in the synthesis of other compounds. It is also used in drug development for the treatment of tuberculosis. This product has a high purity level and is pharmacopoeia grade.</p>

<p>Albendazole is an anti-helminthic drug that is structurally classified as a benzimidazole. It has been shown to be effective against a variety of helminths, including roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and tapeworms. Albendazole impurity F is an analytical standard for the determination of albendazole in pharmaceutical products by HPLC. It also serves as a reference substance to establish the purity of drug products containing albendazole and its metabolites. Albendazole impurity F is not considered to be a metabolite of albendazole because it has been shown to be stable under acidic conditions and can be synthesized from other starting materials.</p>

<p>Scopine-2,2-dithienyl glycolate is a catalyst that belongs to the class of dithienyl glycolates. Scopine-2,2-dithienyl glycolate is used in the pharmaceutical industry as an average catalyst for reactions and can be used to recover dimethylbenzene. The method of detection for scopine-2,2-dithienyl glycolate is based on its ability to absorb light at a wavelength of 360 nm. The reaction solution must be monitored carefully during the synthetic process because it has been shown that it can react with water or air and form hydrogen sulfide gas. If this happens, the reaction solution will become cloudy or turbid. This product is a white crystalline solid that appears as tiny needles and has a melting point of 173 degrees Celsius (340 degrees Fahrenheit).</p>

<p>Solifenacin impurity C is an impurity that is found in the drug product Solifenacin. It has been shown to be a natural metabolite and has been detected in human urine. Solifenacin impurity C is used as an analytical standard for HPLC analyses of solifenacin, and can also be used as a reference material for pharmacopoeia. The purity of this compound is 99%.</p>

<p>Oxybutynin impurity C is a metabolite of the drug product Oxybutynin (CAS No. 1199574-70-3). It is an analytical standard for HPLC, and a natural impurity in the synthesis of Oxybutynin. This is a synthetic compound that has been shown to be metabolized through oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes, reduction by glutathione reductase, or conjugation with glucuronic acid. Oxybutynin impurity C has been used as an analytical reference material for drug development and research and development.</p>

<p>2-[(4-Methoxy-3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole is a synthetic, impurity standard that is used in the synthesis of drug products. It has been shown to inhibit the metabolism of drugs and may be used as a marker for drug metabolism. This compound may also be used as a marker in analytical studies to assess the purity of a drug product. 2-[(4-Methoxy-3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole has not been evaluated for safety or efficacy.</p>

<p>2,12-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-8-methoxy-12-thioxobenzo [4,5] pyrido [1,2-c] imidazo [1,2-a] imidazol-2-one is a metabolite of the drug 2-[2-(4,5,-dihydroimidazo[1,2a]imidazol -2(3H)-yl)ethoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide. It can be used as an impurity standard for the manufacture of drugs and as a research chemical.</p>

<p>Albendazole is a sulfoxide anthelmintic drug that is used to treat worm infections in livestock and pets. Albendazole inhibits the synthesis of the parasitic cell membrane, which disrupts the integrity of the cell and leads to death. The analytical method for measuring albendazole includes extraction with hexane followed by analysis using gas chromatography. In humans, albendazole may be used to treat cancer, especially when it occurs in cavities or fatty tissues. It can also be used as a treatment for certain types of parasitic infections, such as toxoplasmosis, amebiasis, and cysticercosis. Albendazole is absorbed well after oral administration and plasma concentrations are proportional to dosage levels. The most common side effects are nausea and headache.</p>

<p>1-[[3-Methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]-2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]sulfinyl]-1H-b enzimidazole is an impurity of a drug product. It is a metabolite that has been shown to be present in human plasma and urine. This compound is synthetically produced and is not found in nature. It has been shown to have niche applications in both analytical chemistry and pharmacopoeia.</p>

<p>3,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylpyridine-N-oxide is a potent inhibitor of somatostatin, which is known to play a role in the regulation of cancer cell growth and apoptosis. This compound has been shown to inhibit the activity of human kinases, including those involved in tumor cell proliferation. 3,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylpyridine-N-oxide is an anticancer agent that can be used to treat various types of cancer. It has also been found to have inhibitory effects on urine quetiapine and Chinese hamster ovary cells. The compound is a potent analog of kinase inhibitors and can be used as a lead compound for developing new drugs with anticancer properties.</p>

<p>Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that inhibits the gastric acid secretion by blocking the hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme in the stomach. Pantoprazole N-oxide, a prodrug of pantoprazole, is converted to pantoprazole after administration and has been shown to be more stable than pantoprazole. It has been shown to have tissue-specific effects, with high concentrations found in gastrointestinal tissues such as the abomasum, ileum, and colon. Pantoprazole N-oxide is also found in plasma samples at low levels. This drug may be useful for ulceration because it prevents heartburn caused by excess stomach acid.</p>

<p>Lamotrigine is a chemically unrelated compound, which is the active ingredient of a new class of adjuvant drugs for epilepsy. This drug has been found to be effective against seizures in patients with partial seizures and generalized seizures. Lamotrigine is an orally administered suspensoid that can be mixed with water or other liquids to form a suspension. It has been used as a flavouring agent and an adjuvant in pharmaceuticals, including tablets and capsules. The chemical structure of lamotrigine includes two 2,3-dichlorophenyl groups connected by an amino group (guanidinoimino). This structure gives lamotrigine its chemical name: 2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(guanidinoimino) acetonitrile.</p>

<p>Lactose conjugate degradation product of pregabalin</p>

<p>Oxybutynin EP Impurity E is a research and development impurity standard that is used in the synthesis of Oxybutynin. It can be synthesized by reacting 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline with potassium tert-butoxide, followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride. The purity and structure of this compound have been verified by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and melting point analysis. This impurity standard has a CAS number of 1215677-72-7.<br>Oxybutynin EP Impurity E is used as a drug product for the treatment of overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, and painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis. It also helps to reduce pain due to spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. <br>The pharmacopoeia name for this compound is 4-(2-Chloroethyl)-1H-imidazoleacetic acid. It has been found to be</p>

<p>Carbamazepine is a drug that has been used to treat epileptic seizures and trigeminal neuralgia. Impurities in the drug are removed by using chromatographic methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rotarod test is an animal model of motor coordination and balance that can be used to assess the effects of drugs on these functions. Carbamazepine impurities may cause depression and have an epileptic effect on animals. Chronic exposure to carbamazepine can lead to drug reactions and gene polymorphisms, which may alter the metabolism of the drug. Analytical methods for determining carbamazepine impurities include HPLC, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC).</p>

<p>cis-(±)-4-[4-[4-[4-[[2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]- 2,4-dihydro-2-propyl-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one is a drug product that is used as a research and development tool. It is an impurity standard for HPLC. This compound has a chemical name of cis-(±)-4-[4-[4-[4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]-1piperazinyl]phenyl]-2, 4dihydro 2propyl 3H 1 2 4 triazol 3one. The CAS number for this compound is 7485591 7. This compound</p>

<p>Desdifluoromethoxy hydroxy pantoprazole is a synthetic compound that is used as an impurity standard for the drug product Pantoprazole. It has a purity of ≥98% and is stable under ambient conditions. Desdifluoromethoxy hydroxy pantoprazole is not active on its own, but it is a metabolite of pantoprazole. It can be used to study the metabolism of pantoprazole.</p>

<p>Impurity 65 is an impurity of Omeprazole, a drug used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer. Impurity 65 is a metabolite of Omeprazole that can be found in the drug product at a concentration up to 0.5%. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and can be used as a research and development standard for HPLC analysis. Impurity 65 is also used as an impurity standard in the USP pharmacopoeia and other pharmacopoeias around the world.</p>