Food Industry Standards

<p>Applications Active antimalarial constituent of the tradional Chinese medicinal herb Artemisia annua L., Compositae, which has been known for almost 2000 years as Qinghao. Antimalarial.<br>References Klayman, D.L., et al.: Science, 228, 1049 (1985), Price, R.N., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 9, 1815 (2000), Meshnick, S.R., et al.: Int. J., Parasitol., 32, 1655 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications A mycotoxin produced by Fusarium, having immunosuppressive and carcinogenic properties.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Alvarez, C., et al.: Int. J. Food Microbiol., 135, 131 (2009), Steinmetz, W., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 4485 (2009), Tanaka, H., et al.: J. Health Sci., 56, 188 (2010), Monbaliu, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 66 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications Gliotoxin is a sulfur-containing mycotoxin produced by species of fungi and pathogens of humans. Gliotoxin exhibits inhibitory activities against histone H3K9 methyltransferase, a key enzyme in the regulation of transcriptional activity by writing epigenetic marks. Gliotoxin also exhibits immunosuppressive properties by causing apoptosis of cells of the immune system. In addition, various studies suggests Gliotoxin may also be a potential anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral agent.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Takahashi, M., et al.: J. Antibiotics., 65, 263 (2012); Li., Y.G., et al.: Biochem. Biophy. Rsch. Commun., 422, 85 (2012); Zhang, H.C., et al.: Applied, Mech. Mater., 178, 783 (2012); Scharf, D.H., et al.: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 93, 467 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Volatile<br>Applications Isotope labelled N-Nitrosodimethylamine is a highly toxic semi-volatile organic compound and a suspected human carcinogen. It induces liver tumors in rats after chronic exposure to low doses (1,2). Drinking water contaminant candidate list 3 (CCL 3) compound as per United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants.<br>Dangerous Goods Info This compound is forbidden to ship by air under IATA regulations.<br>References 1. Peto, R. et al.: Cancer Res.1991 Dec 1;51(23 Pt 2):6415-51.2. Lee, ES. et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2003 Aug;55(8):1169-74<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Toxic<br>Applications A mycotoxin produced by mold associated with corn. Inhibitor of sphingosine N-acyltransferase. Blocks the formation of ceramide from sphingosine.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Monbaliu, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 10475 (2010), Klosowski, G., et al.: Biores. Technol., 101, 9723 (2010), Soerensen, L., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 398, 1535 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications Diacetoxyscirpenolis is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium strains. Diacetoxyscirpenol was found to occur in cereals conjugated to glucose and other sugars.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Rasmussen, P.H., et al.: Mycotoxin, Res., 28, 181 (2012); Scauflaire, J., et al.: Euro. J. Pathol., 133, 911 (2012); Brunhofer, G., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 20, 6669 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Deoxynivalenol is a tricothecene mycotoxin and potent protein synthesis inhibitor. Deoxynivalenol exhibits cytotoxic activity in vivo via the ribotoxic stress response. Deoxynivalenol induces p38-mediated gene expression and apoptosis in leukocytes; activity results in systemic expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other proinflammatory cytokines. Also induces migration of NF-κB into the nucleus.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Bae, et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 105, 59 (2008), Shi, et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 109, 247 (2009), Krishnaswamy, et al.: Free Radic. Biol. Med., 49 50 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications An alternaria mycotoxin and genotoxin, found in common edible crops. It inhibits the activity of various DNA-topoisomerases, increasing the rate of DNA strand breaks.<br>References Asam, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 5152 (2009); Fehr, M., et al.: Mol. Nut. Food Res., 53, 441 (2009); Tiemann, U., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 186, 139 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications Alternariol 9-Methyl Ether 3-Sulfate Ammonium Salt is a derivative of Alternariol 9-Methyl Ether (A575770) which is an alternaria mycotoxin and genotoxin, found in common edible crops. It inhibits the activity of various DNA-topoisomerases, increasing he rate of DNA strand breaks.<br>References Asam, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 5152 (2009); Fehr, M., et al.: Mol. Nut. Food Res., 53, 441 (2009); Tiemann, U., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 186, 139 (2009); Hawas, U., et al.: Appl. Biochem. Micro., 51, 579 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Alternariol is an alternaria mycotoxin and genotoxin, found in common edible crops. It inhibits the activity of various DNA-topoisomerases, increasing the rate of DNA strand breaks.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Asam S et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jun 24;57(12):5152-60.Fehr M et al. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Apr;53(4):441-51Vejdovszky K. et al. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Feb 5;267:45-52.<br></p>

<p>Applications Protected Patulin.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications Sterigmatocystin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin that is struturally related to Aflatoxin. Sterigmatocystin has been shown to inhibit RNA synthesis in rat liver nuclei.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Nel, W. et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 19, 957 (1970); Purchase, I.F.H. et al.: Food Cosm. Toxicol., 8, 289 (1970);<br></p>

<p>Applications Nivalenol is a mycotoxin found in wheat and maize which is produced by different Fusarium species that inhibit eukaryotic biosynthesis of protein.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br>References Poppenberger, B., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 278, 47905 (2003); Sulyok, M., et al.: Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 20, 2649 (2006);<br></p>