Amino Acids (AA)

<p>(R,S)-AMPA is a synthetic analog of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, specifically designed to activate AMPA receptors, a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors. These receptors are pivotal in mediating fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. (R,S)-AMPA serves as a prototypical agonist for AMPA receptors, facilitating the study of receptor function and synaptic plasticity.​</p>

<p>Fmoc-Ile-OH is a cyclic peptide that has shown cytotoxic activity against cultured human brain cells. It is also an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and inhibits the breakdown of proteins in the brain, such as insulin. Fmoc-Ile-OH binds to the active site of DPP-IV and prevents it from binding to its substrate, thereby inhibiting the enzyme's activity. The inhibition of DPP-IV leads to increased levels of protein in the brain, which may be beneficial for people with Alzheimer's disease. Fmoc-Ile-OH is synthesized on a solid phase by coupling an amino acid with a protected carboxylic acid to yield a protected amide. This product can be used as an encapsulating agent for atosiban, a drug that is used to treat preterm labor.END&gt;&gt;</p>

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<p>2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine is a hydrophobic compound that is not soluble in water. It has a bound form and can be titrated with calorimetry. 2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine is synthesized by reacting 2,2,4-trimethylpentane with methoxyacetone in the presence of sodium methylate. The compound has been detected as an odorant in numerous plant species and is believed to play a role in plant physiology. 2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine has been shown to have potent antiviral activity against infectious diseases such as HIV, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), and varicella zoster virus (VZV). This specific antiviral activity may be due to its ability to bind fatty acids by hydrogen bonds, which may interfere with the synthesis of viral membranes.</p>

<p>Z-Phe-Phe-diazomethylketone is a cathepsin inhibitor that has been shown to inhibit the proteolytic activity of various enzymes, including serine proteases and thrombotic thrombocytopenic. This compound inhibits the growth of Leishmania parasites in cell culture and has been shown to have a high affinity for carboxy terminal and proximal tubules. Z-Phe-Phe-diazomethylketone has a neutral pH, with an optimum at 7.0, which may be due to its ability to bind to proteins or other components of cells without affecting their functions.</p>

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<p>H-Gly-Arg-Gly-Glu-Ser-Pro-OH is a peptide fragment of collagen that has been used in research to study the effects of this protein on fibrosis, bowel disease, and autoimmune diseases. It has also been found to be able to activate stem cells and is being studied for its application as a cell factor. This peptide fragment inhibits the growth of Candida glabrata by stimulating the production of growth factors such as β1 and colony stimulating factor. It also stimulates the production of integrin receptors, which are important for cell adhesion. H-Gly-Arg-Gly-Glu-Ser-Pro-OH has also been shown to have an antiviral effect in vivo models.</p>

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<p>Vasopressin 3-mercaptopropionyl-Tyr-Phe-Val-Asn-Cys-Pro-D-Arg-Gly-NH2 is a peptide hormone that is involved in the regulation of water balance and blood pressure. It is a vasoconstrictor and has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on cellular targets such as soluble guanylate cyclase, which are involved in the synthesis of cGMP. Vasopressin 3-mercaptopropionyl-Tyr-Phe-Val-Asn-Cys Pro D Arg Gly NH2 also binds to the oxytocin receptor, which may be responsible for its vasodilatory effect.</p>

<p>H-Asp(Leu-OH)-OH is a bioactive molecule that can induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Mechanistically, this compound induces apoptosis by increasing the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cells. The anti-cancer activity of H-Asp(Leu-OH)-OH has been shown to be dose dependent and it has been observed to cause vacuolization in kidney cells. Chemical compositions show that H-Asp(Leu-OH)-OH is composed of Aspartic acid, Leucine, and Hydroxyl groups.</p>

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<p>N-alpha-Z-L-ornithine (NALO) is an amino acid with the chemical formula CHNO, which is also known as 2-(aminoethoxy)ethanol. It is used to synthesize peptides and proteins. NALO has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of arginine biosynthesis in E. coli and yeast cells, but not in mammalian cells. This inhibition leads to an accumulation of L-ornithine, which is necessary for the synthesis of polyamines that are important for cell growth and replication.</p>

<p>4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)-azo]-phenol is a molecular compound that has a nitro group, an azo group, and a phenolic hydroxyl group. It's also known as nitrophenyl diazonium salt. 4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)-azo]-phenol is used in the synthesis of other compounds such as dyes and pharmaceuticals. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy and optical microscope techniques were used to study the chemical structure of 4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)-azo]-phenol. The titration method was used to determine the purity of this compound. 4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)-azo]-phenol has been shown to have mesomorphic properties, which are exhibited by its ability to be either solid or liquid at room temperature (25°C). This property may be due to its functional groups that stabilize it in both states.</p>

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<p>Angiotensin A trifluoroacetate salt H-Ala-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-OH is a drug that has been shown to be effective in treating chronic kidney disease and heart failure. It is a synthetic peptide that mimics the activity of angiotensin II, an important regulator of blood pressure. Angiotensin A trifluoroacetate salt H-Ala-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-OH binds to the angiotensin receptor, which causes vasoconstriction and increases the release of soluble guanylate cyclase. This drug also inhibits the production of matrix metalloproteinases, which break down collagen and other extracellular proteins.</p>

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<p>Angiotensin II is a peptide hormone. It is a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Angiotensin II can be produced either by proteolytic cleavage of angiotensinogen (a zymogen) or by post-translational modification of angiotensin I (a decapeptide). Angiotensin II is a potent agonist of the thrombin receptor and binds to one of four subtypes of angiotensin receptors (AT1). The AT1 receptor antagonist is a drug that blocks the biological activity of angiotensin II and has been used clinically for treatment of hypertension.</p>

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<p>4-Bromo-6-methyl-2-pyridinamine is a small molecule that binds to the bromodomain of the human protein BRD4. This binding inhibits the interaction between BRD4 and acetylated lysine residues on histones, thereby inhibiting transcriptional activation. 4-Bromo-6-methyl-2-pyridinamine has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of the activity of BRD4, which may be due to its chemical stability and ability to inhibit protein synthesis. The compound's potency in inhibition assays and its lack of biochemical toxicity make it an attractive lead compound for further study.</p>

<p>Ac-Asp-Arg-Leu-Asp-Ser-OH is a peptide that has been synthesized to mimic the activity of aspartic acid. It has been shown to have prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects on infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. Ac-Asp-Arg-Leu-Asp-Ser-OH may be used for the treatment of cancer, inflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Ac-Asp-Arg-Leu-Asp-Ser OH also acts as a cryoprotectant and diluent in drug development.</p>

<p>Boc-L-methionine is a chemical compound that contains the amino acid methionine. It is used in solid-phase synthesis to produce cyclic peptides and proteins. Boc-L-methionine is activated by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid and then reacts with a protected amino acid to form the corresponding amide or ester, respectively. The activated carboxylic acid group of Boc-L-methionine reacts with an unprotected amino group of the amino acid to form an amide or ester linkage, respectively. The reaction products are cleaved from the resin support by hydrogen fluoride for purification.</p>

<p>Ac-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH is a calcium binding protein that is involved in the activation of zymogens. It is an acidic protein that can be found in the zymogen granules of bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium. Ac-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH has been shown to bind to basic proteins and, when bound, enhances proteolytic activity. Acetylation of Ac-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH at its N terminus by chloromethyl ketone converts it into an acetyllysine derivative with increased stability, which may also result in decreased proteolytic activity.</p>

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<p>Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-aldehyde is a sesquiterpene lactone that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. It inhibits the inflammatory response by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL1β, IL6, and TNFα. Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-aldehyde also inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which are enzymes that produce prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid is an example of a drug with similar properties. Acetylsalicylic acid has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in tissue culture studies and in animal models. This compound may also be used to treat bowel disease, congestive heart failure, or other diseases that are characterized by increased apoptosis.</p>

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<p>Z-Arg-Arg-Pro-Phe-His-Sta-Ile-His-Lys(Boc)-OMe is an angiotensin II analogue that is used for the treatment of blood disorders. It inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and prevents the formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I. ACE inhibitors are also used to treat diseases such as glomerular dysfunction, congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, and cirrhosis. In addition, it has been shown to be effective in treating cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and heart disease. ZARAPROHES is a synthetic substrate for nitrosation reactions and can be used to produce monoclonal antibodies against ACE.</p>

<p>H-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH is a synthetic peptide that has been shown to inhibit protease activity and is being investigated as a potential treatment for chronic arthritis. This peptide has been shown to be effective in the removal of nitrogen from wastewater. The conformational properties of H-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH are similar to those of the human serum amide, which is thought to have an antiarthritic effect and may also act as a model system for other peptides. H-Ala-Ala-Ala-OH has also been shown to have enzyme activities, including dihedral and structural analysis.</p>

<p>Ac-Thr-Ile-Nle-psi(CH2NH) Nle-Gln-Arg-NH2 is a protease inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of proteins by inhibiting the activity of proteases. It binds to the active site of these enzymes and blocks the access of other substrates. Ac-Thr-Ile-Nle-psi(CH2NH) Nle-Gln-Arg-NH2 has been shown to bind to a number of proteases, including serine, cysteine, aspartic acid, and metalloendoproteases. It inhibits the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins by binding to the active site and blocking access to other substrates. The chemical structure is hydrophobic due to presence of a hydroxy group that can interact with hydrophobic regions on proteins. Acetylation at position Thr1 is important for its inhibitory activity against certain proteases such as</p>

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<p>Z-Ala-Val-OH is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ala-z-valine in vivo. It has been shown to be resistant to enzymes such as esterases, amidases, and proteases. Z-Ala-Val-OH has been modified in an effort to increase its affinity for the active site of the enzyme. This modification involves attaching a hydrophobic group onto the amide nitrogen of the amino acid residue. The resulting product is an active ester that can be used as an antihypertensive drug or for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.</p>

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<p>Boc-D-Tyr(tBu)-OH is a natural product that is an amphipathic molecule with a cyclic structure. It has been shown to be able to inhibit the growth of bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, by acting as an antibiotic. Boc-D-Tyr(tBu)-OH inhibits the synthesis of peptides by binding to the ribosome and blocking peptide elongation. This molecule also inhibits peptide synthesis by interacting with the aminoacyl site on the ribosome and preventing it from binding with amino acids. Boc-D-Tyr(tBu)-OH is synthesized in two stages: solid phase peptide synthesis and nucleophilic activation. The decapeptides are then purified and characterized based on their function.</p>

<p>Met-Enkephalin-Arg-Phe amide H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe is a subunit of the endogenous opioid peptide Met-enkephalin. It is a proteolytic cleavage product of proenkephalin A and is also known as Tyr2, Phe2, or Arg6. Met-enkephalin has been shown to participate in signal transduction pathways that regulate blood pressure and exocrine secretion. Metenkephalin is an amide containing two cysteine residues with a hydrophobic side chain, which can bind metal ions such as calcium ions. Metenkephalin binds to the membrane of cells, altering membrane potential and naloxone binding sites.<br>Met enkephalin has been shown to be involved in serotonin release from platelets and inhibition of serotonin uptake by platelets.</p>

<p>Cholecystokinin Octapeptide (1-3) (desulfated) is a research chemical that has various applications in the field of chemistry and biology. This compound contains a hydrogen atom that plays a crucial role in solvation processes. It can be used in supercritical reactions due to its ability to interact with hydroxyl groups on metallic surfaces like silicon substrates. Additionally, Cholecystokinin Octapeptide (1-3) (desulfated) is utilized in thiol-ene reactions and chromatographic separations.</p>

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<p>The compound Z-Pro-Leu-OH is a peptidomimetic that has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of the enzyme l-amino acid oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of l-amino acids. This inhibition may be due to the protonation of the substrate and/or solvents in the enzyme active site. The molecule is hydrophobic, making it suitable for use in simulations and theoretical studies. Furthermore, this compound is identifiable by its retention time on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and can be rationalized by its amide group.</p>

<p>H-Gly-Ala-Asp-OH is a pharmacological treatment for bacterial infection. The drug has been shown to be effective in treating the symptoms of bacterial infections, such as fever and headache, in animal models. H-Gly-Ala-Asp-OH binds to the GABA receptor and inhibits the production of GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates neuronal activity. This binding prevents the formation of an inhibitor complex with the enzyme decarboxylase that is required for GABA synthesis and thus inhibits protein synthesis and cell division.</p>

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