Toxicología

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Chlorhexidine Digluconate Impurity K was found in a study of the kinetics of chlorhexidine hydrolysis.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Zong, Z., Lee, E.K.: J. Pharm. Sci., 101, 2417 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A metabolite of Lamivudine (L172500).<br>References Burgess, K., et al.: Chem. Rev., 100, 2047 (2000), Gallois-Montbrun, S., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 68, 1749 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Secnidazole (S225000). Analog of Metronidazole. Antiamebic. Antiprotozoal (Trichomonas).<br>References Cosar, C., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 16, 23 (1966), Videau, D., et al.: Br. J. Vener. Dis., 54, 77 (1978), Symonds, J., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 5, 484 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Applications Cloxacillin is an antibiotic that belongs to the group of the isoxazolylpenicillins. Cloxacillin is used to treat infections caused by species of staphylococci that produce beta-lactamase due to its inhibitory effects on beta-lactamase binding.<br>References Gibbs, D.L. et al.: Curr. Microbiol., 2, 239 (1979); Dmitrova, D. et al.: Farmat., 48, 28 (2001); CRaven, N. et al.: Res. Vet. Sci., 29, 57 (1980);<br></p>

<p>Applications Rosuvastatin Calcium (R,S,R)-Diastereomer is a degradation product of rosuvastatin.<br>References Shah, R. P., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 405, 3215 (2013; ,Litvic, M.,et al.: J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. Chem., 252, 84 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications Fluvastatin 3-Hydroxy-4,6-diene Sodium Salt is a metabolite of Fluvastatin (F601250), a synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Antilipemic.<br>References Yuan, J., et al.: Atherosclerosis, 87, 147 (1991), Tse, F.L.S., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 32, 630 (1992), Dain, J.G., et al.: Drug Metab. Disposit., 21, 567 (1993),<br></p>

<p>Applications A new Sildenafil (S435000) analogue detected as food adulterant.<br>References Gratz, S., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 36, 525 (2004), Lai, K., et al.: J. Food Drug Anal., 14, 19 (2006), Oh, S., et al.: J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 69, 1951 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Acetyl-S-phenyl-d5-DL-cysteine is the deuterium labelled form of N-Acetyl-S-phenyl-DL-cysteine, which is used as a reactant in the preparation of potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors that use D-amino acids as P2/P3 ligands.<br>References Jungheim, L., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 96 (1996);<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-(Aminocarbonyl)-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic Acid is a useful building block for organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Azithromycin EP Impurity B<br>Applications Azithromycin B (Azithromycin EP Impurity B), is an impurity of Azithromycin (A927000), a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, and related to Erythromycin A.<br>References Langtry, H.D., et al.: Drugs, 56, 273 (1998),<br></p>

<p>Applications zeta-Cypermethrin is used in the season-long insecticide programs for the control of Drosophila suzukii on blackberries of United states. Evaluation of selected insecticides against caterpillar pests in conventional and Bt sweet corn.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Diepenbrock, L. M., et al.: Crop Protection, 98, 149 (2017); Langdon, K. W., et al.: Arthropod Manag. Tests, 37, 60 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications 11β,16α,17,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione is a metabolite of Hydroxycortisone (H714615), a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism.<br>References Vigore, L., et al.: Cancer Ther., 6, 699 (2008), Puurunen, J., et al.: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 94, 1973 (2009), Lemos, D., et al.: J. Endocrinol., 201, 275 (2009), Chen, S., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 296 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 3-Sulfoglycolithocholic Acid Disodium Salt is a derivative of Lithocholic acid (L469180). Lithocholic acid (LCA) is a putative tumor promoter,that is shown to be able to inhibit mammalian DNA polymerase β.<br>References Ogawa, A., et al.: Jap. J. Canc. Res., 89, 1154 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications Bictegravir, is a novel, potent inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase with an IC50 of 7.5 nM.<br>References Tsiang M. et al.: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Nov 21;60(12):7086-7097;<br></p>

<p>Applications Octocrylene-13C3 is the labelled form of Octocrylene (O239755). Octocrylene is a UV-A and UV-B filter used in sunscreen and topical drug formulations.<br>References Lacatusu, I. et al.: Chem. Eng. J., 246, 311 (2014); Allen, J. et al.: Chem. Res. Tox., 9, 605 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Tapentadol (T007200).<br>References Terlinden, R., et al.: Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 32, 163 (2007), Tzschentke, T., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 323, 256 (2007), Wade, W., et al.: Clin. Ther., 31, 2804 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Norethindrone EP Impurity D<br>Applications Norethynodrel (Norethindrone EP Impurity D) is a progestin used in Enovid, an oral contraceptive, also used in the treatment of endometriosis and hypermenorrhea.<br>References Palmer K., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 167, 207 (1969), Liu, L., et al.: Endocrinology., 151, 5782 (2010), Sonneveld, E., et al.: Toxicol. in Vitro, 25, 545 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Sunitinib (S820000), a multi-kinase inhibitor targeting several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK).<br>References Sun, L., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 46, 1116 (2003), Mendel, D.B., et al.: Clin. Cancer Res., 9, 327 (2003), Sistla, A., et al.: Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 30, 19 (2004), Sakamoto, K.M., et al.: Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 5. 1329 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications (9Z,12E)-Tetradecadien-1-yl Acetate is a sex pheromone component of Noctuidae in Antilles.<br>References Renou, M., et al.: Colloques - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 46, 21 (1988); Teal, P. E. A., et al.: J. Chem. Ecol., 11, 717 (1985); Tamaki, J., et al.: Dokl. Soobshch. - Mezhdunar. Kongr. Zashch., 5, 132 (1975)<br></p>

<p>Applications Flufenoxuron is a known insecticide and acts as an insect growth regulator by inhibiting chitin synthesis.<br>References Abbaszadeh, G., et al.: Pesticide. Res. J., 23, 52 (2011); Yang, A., et al.: Food. Control., 28, 99 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Cyclizine is a piperazine derivative with anti-emetic activity that is useful in the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness. Antiemetic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kuntzman, R., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 158, 332 (1967), Walker, R., et al.: Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 4, 301 (1996), Dumasia, M., et al.: Xenobiotica, 32, 795 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications A classical β-adrenergic agonist in retina in interlaboratory study.<br>References Horwitz, W., et al.: Anal. Chem., 54, 67 (1982), Gowik, P., et al.: Analyst, 125, 1103 (2000),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clindamycin Phosphate EP Impurity A<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Lincomycin (Clindamycin Phosphate EP Impurity A) is a lincosamide antibiotic that forms cross-links within the peptidyl transferase loop region of the 23S rRNA. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Antibacterial.This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).<br>References Mason, D.J., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 555 (1962), Gray, et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 6, 476 (1964), Muti, H.Y., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 23, 269 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Levamisole. Biological response modifier with anthelmintic activity. Anthelmintic (nematodes); immunomodulator.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Thienpoint, D., et al.: Nature, 209, 1084 (1966), Bullock, M.W., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 11, 169 (1968), Miller, M.J., et al.: Drugs, 20, 122 (1980), Stevenson, H.C., et al.: J. Clin. Oncol., 9, 2052 (1991), Amery, W.K., et al.: Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 14, 481 (1992),<br></p>

<p>Applications Controlled substance (depressant). Sedative; hypnotic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Horwitz, et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 8, 77 (1980),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Fusidic Acid EP Impurity G<br>Applications 3-Keto Fusidic Acid (Fusidic Acid EP Impurity G) is a metabolite of Fusidic Acid.<br>References Godtfredsen, W.O., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 9, 15 (1966), Perry, M.J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 36, 1659 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Applications A new Olanzapine pamoate formulation of a second-generation antipsychotic.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Davis, J., et al.: Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 60, 553 (2003), Kahn, R., et al.: Lancet, 371, 1085 (2008), Lauriello, J., et al.: J. Clin. Psychiatry, 69, 790 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Radioactive imaging agent.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Subramanian, G., et al.: J. Nucl. Med., 16, 744 (1975), Rosenthall, L., et al.: Clin. Nucl. Med., 2, 232 (1977), Bull, U., et al.: Br. J. Radiol., 50, 629 (1977), Garty, I., et al.: Clin. Nucl. Med., 14, 515 (1989)<br></p>

<p>Applications Prednienic Acid is a glucocorticoid steroid. It is used to synthesize various anti-inflammatory compounds such as macrolactonolides by conjugating Prednienic Acid with macrolides.<br>References Tomaskovic, L., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 21, 321 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Efavirenz (E42500). A nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Young, S.D., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 39, 2602 (1995),<br></p>

<p>Applications Direct Blue 15 may be used as a substitute for trypan blue (T895523) for some biological and staining applications. Dyes and metabolites.<br>References Rafii, F., et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 2146-2151 (1990); Shaffiqu, T.S., et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 102-103: 315-326 (2002); Kumar, K., et al., Bioresour. Technol. 98: 3168-3171 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethametsulfuron-methyl is a regulator of the early steps of complement activation on mucosal surfaces. It can be used in combination treatment of ohmic heating with various essential oil components for inactivation of food-​borne pathogens in buffered peptone water and salsa.<br>References Kim, S. S., et al.: Food Control, 80, 29 (2017); Reichhardt, M. P., et al.: Front Immunol, 7, 85 (2016)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A medicinal agent for treating viral infections.<br>References Chiou, W., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 60, 1281 (1971), Ford, J., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 31, 726 (1979), Tamblyn, S., et al.: Eur. J. Epidemiol., 10, 503 (1994), Suzuki, H., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 45, 1688 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Applications Anhydrovinblastine showed significant cytotoxic potential against a panel of human cancer cell lines and significant activity against the human H460 non-small cell lung carcinoma tumor xenograph in mice.<br>References Koiso, Y., et al.: J. Antibiot., 51, 418 (1998), Olver, I., et al.: Eur. J. Cancer, 43, 1829 (2007), Shao, Y., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 15, 5061 (2007).<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Entecavir. An oral antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection. A guanine analogue that inhhibits all three steps in the viral replication process.<br>References Innaimo, S.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 41, 1444 (1997), Honkoop, P., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 12, 683 (2003), Chang, T.-T., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 354, 1001 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,2,4-Trimethyl-6(2H)-quinolinone 1-Oxide is a derivative of 2,6-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone (D449900) which is a metabolite of Ethoxyquin (E892800), an oxidation product of the antidegradant.<br>References Kahl, R., et al.: Toxicology, 28, 229 (1983), Burka, L., et al.: Xenobiotica, 26, 597 (1996), Bammler, T., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 54, 30 (2000), Hayes, J., et al.: Cancer, 174, 103 (2001),<br></p>

<p>Applications Propamocarb-N-oxide is an impurity of Propamocarb (P758460), a carbamate fungicide used in the agriculture industry.<br>References Judelson, H., et al.: Mol. Plant Pathol., 7, 17 (2005), Grunwald, N., et al.: Phytopathol., 96, 1397 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Thiosultap Sodium Salt is used as an insecticide.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Yan, X., et. al.: J. Plant Diseases Protection, 119, 152 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,6-Dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline is used in the synthesis of GABA receptor antagonists and insecticides.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Sammelson, R. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 12, 3345 (2004); Huang, W. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 14, 8280 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,4-Dichlorophenol-13C6 is the labelled analog of 2,4-Dichlorophenol (D435685). 2,4-Dichlorophenol is a chlorinated derivative of phenol and is used as an intermediate for the preparation of herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (D435680).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Zhong, W., et al.: J. Hazard. Mat., 217, 286 (2012); Rowe, V.K., et al.: Am. J. Vet. Res., 15, 622 (1954), Way, J.M., et al.: Residue Rev., 26, 37 (1969)<br></p>

<p>Applications The S,S-stereoisomer of Chloramphenicol (C325030). Broad spectrum antibiotic obtained from cultures of the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antibacterial; antirickettsial.<br>References Bartz, et al.: J. Biol. Chem., et al.: 172, 445 (1948), Gottlieb, et al.: J. Bacteriol., 55, 409 (1948), Szulczewski, D., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 4, 47 (1975), Price, A., et al.: J. Antibiot., 43, 118 (1981), Shalit, I., et al.: Drugs, 28, 281 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications Roscovitine is a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Roscovitine has been found to produce apoptosis in treated cancerous cells of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other cancers. Studies show that Roscovitine displays increased anti-mitotic activity at the G1/S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Roscovitine maybe useful in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), leukemia, HIV infection, herpes simplex infection, and the mechanisms of chronic inflammation disorders.<br>References De Azevedo, W.F. et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 43, 518 (1997); Planchais, S. et al.: Plant J., 12, 191 (1997); Mgbonyebi O.P. et al.: Anticancer Res., 18, 751 (1998); MacCallum, D.E. et al.: Cancer Res., 65, 5399 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled inhibitor of glucose synthesis.<br>References Garcia-Salguero, L. et al.: Arch. Int. Physiol., Biochim. Biophys., 99, 237, (1991); Martirosyan, A., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 68, 1729 (2004);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Abacavir - In House Impurity<br>Applications Abacavir Sulfate (Abacavir - In House Impurity) is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br>References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)<br></p>