Building Blocks

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Benzyne is a reactive intermediate that is formed by the tautomerization of 5-bromo-1,3-dimethylpyridin-2(1H)-one. It is an adduct between a bromine atom and a benzene ring. This compound has been shown to react with electron-rich olefins to form bicyclic compounds called diels-alder adducts. These reactions are often catalyzed by metals, such as palladium or nickel. Benzyne also reacts with triple bonds or other electron rich centers to form benzyne adducts, which are highly reactive and can be used as chemical probes for electron density in molecules.

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane is a chemical intermediate that can be used in the production of polyester resins. It is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. 2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane reacts with ethylene and glycol to produce polyester resins. This reaction occurs at high temperatures and produces a mixture of products such as diols and triols. When heated in acidic conditions, the compound hydrolyzes to form dihydroxyacetone and p-toluenesulfonic acid. The compound is also used as an industrial solvent for acidic materials. Recrystallizing the product from ethylene glycol results in a white crystalline powder that can be used in the manufacture of other chemicals such as sulfate salts.

Heptyl carbamate is a cholinergic antagonist of the blood disorders. It has been shown to inhibit hydroxy and hiv infection. In vitro assays have shown that heptyl carbamate inhibits the synthesis of fatty acid, thereby reducing cholesterol levels and inhibiting the production of insulin resistance in cells. Heptyl carbamate also binds to the same site on acetylcholinesterase as donepezil, which blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine and leads to an accumulation of this neurotransmitter in nerve cells. This increased concentration of acetylcholine in nerve cells can lead to a reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease-related symptoms.

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

4-Fluorobenzoyl isothiocyanate (FBITC) is a fluorescent molecule that binds to the glutamate receptor. The binding of FBITC to the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor leads to conformational changes in the receptor and decreases its ability to bind glutamate. This process has been shown using x-ray diffraction data, which also showed that FBITC was able to chelate with magnesium ions, indicating a possible allosteric modulator for these receptors.

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Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

1-Bromo-2-butoxybenzene is a chemical compound that is used in the manufacture of zinc oxide. It is also used as an electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells. In these cells, 1-bromo-2-butoxybenzene acts as an electron donor, which provides electrons to the redox dye on the surface of the semiconductor. This process leads to recombination, where electrons and holes recombine to produce electricity. The introduction of alkoxy groups into 1-bromo-2-butoxybenzene molecules allows for increased stability and efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells.

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

Versatile small molecule scaffold

1-Hydroxycyclopentane-1-carbonitrile is a monomer that is hydrolyzed to form benzoin and cyanohydrins. It can be used in the production of scifinder as a monomer or dimerizer.

2-Bromo-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene is a chemical compound that has been synthesized in an asymmetric reaction. The reactant is bromopropane and the product is 2,2,2-trifluoropropene. The methylene group on the propene molecule is activated by the nucleophilic attack of a fluoride ion from hydrogen fluoride to form a cavity with a highly strained bond. The kinetic study of this reaction revealed that the activation energy for the reaction is 42 kJ/mol. Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions are catalyzed by palladium and require nonpolar solvents such as toluene or dichloromethane. This type of reaction has been shown to be exothermic with an isolated yield of 1%.

3-Hydroxy-5-methylpyridine (3HMP) is a chemical substance that has been classified as an amine. It is a product of the metabolism of purines, which are nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. 3HMP is produced by aerogenic bacteria (such as Enterobacter), and can be used to estimate the number of these bacteria present in water samples. 3HMP has been shown to have antiviral properties against influenza virus, and can be used as a biomarker for the presence of other viruses in animals. 3HMP also has mineralization properties, which have been studied extensively, particularly with regards to pancreatic disease.

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2-Hydroxyethyl benzoate is a model system that has been used to study the mechanism of hydrolysis of an ester with a hydroxyl group. The reaction products are a metal hydroxide and a chloride ion. 2-Hydroxyethyl benzoate is an antimicrobial agent that has shown activity against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. It is thought to work by reacting with fatty acids in the cell membrane, leading to disruption of the membrane and leakage of cellular contents. It also reacts with chloride ions to form hydroxybenzoic acid and water molecules. The activation energy for this reaction was found to be around 19 kJ mol−1.

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione is a carbonyl compound that is the product of the oxidation of ascorbic acid. It is used in wastewater treatment and has antimicrobial properties against infectious diseases. This compound has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the ribosome and preventing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids. 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione has also been shown to bind to plasma proteins, which may be due to its acyl chain structure. 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione can be synthesized in a catalytic mechanism that involves dehydroascorbic acid and molecular oxygen.

Piperyline is an alkanoic acid that has shown to be effective against skin cancer. It also has antimicrobial properties, which may be due to its ability to bind metal ions and form polymeric compounds. Piperyline inhibits microbial growth by inhibiting the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. The antimicrobial activity is related to its cationic polymerization with hydroxyl groups, which forms a structure that can inhibit microbial enzymes and disrupt microbial cell membranes. This compound also interacts with the skin's natural lipids, making it difficult for microorganisms to attach and grow on the skin. Piperyline is synthesized in organic chemistry laboratories as an amide precursor of other pharmaceuticals such as penicillin.