Glycoscience

Zomepirac-acyl-b-D-glucuronide is a metabolite of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug zomepirac. It binds to plasma proteins, which may affect its pharmacokinetics. Zomepirac-acyl-b-D-glucuronide is excreted in the urine and may be bound to fatty acids. The drug has been shown to form covalent adducts with lysine residues in humans, which may result in potential interactions with other drugs or increased toxicity. The drug has been studied in clinical pharmacology studies that show no significant adverse effects in humans. This metabolite has also been shown to have fatty acid binding properties, which may affect its pharmacokinetics and metabolism.

Beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules such as curcumin. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.

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A toxic glucosamine derivative, widely used for the induction of diabetes in experimental animals. The compound enters the pancreatic β cells in Langerhans islets via glucose transporter GLUT2. It has the ability to alkylate DNA and trigger the production of ROS and nitric oxide, which contribute to DNA and mitochondrial damage. Moreover, streptozocin inhibits N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and disrupts O-GlcNAc cycling. This molecule has also been used as antimicrobial compound and chemotherapeutic agent for some types of pancreatic cancer.

3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose is a naturally occurring carbohydrate that is found in many plants. It can be used as a chiral building block for the synthesis of other compounds, such as atropisomers. The compound has two different stereoisomers that are related by rotation around the central C2' carbon. This stereoisomerism can be explained by the structural features of the molecule, including a phenyl ring and an atropisomeric relationship between the three hydroxyl groups on the glucose moiety. 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxyglucopyranose is stable to heat and acid treatment, but is hydrolyzed by esterases.

This gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) derivative is a modified cyclic oligosaccharide composed of eight glucose units, featuring a larger cavity size than α- and β-cyclodextrins. This structural characteristic allows γ-CDs to form inclusion complexes with a wider range of guest molecules, making it particularly versatile in various industries. In the food sector, it is used as a carrier and stabilizer for flavors, fat-soluble vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, protecting volatile compounds from evaporation. In pharmaceuticals, it enhances the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and, thanks to its larger ring size, allows for the encapsulation of larger molecules or even entire drug molecules. γ-CDs and derivatives are also used for environmental remediation and, in analytical chemistry, for the extraction and concentration of target substances.

2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-ribofuranose is a dinucleoside that stabilizes the ribose moiety of uridine and guanosine, which are important for bacterial DNA replication. 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-ribofuranose binds to the ribosomal enzyme Uridylate Kinase and inhibits its activity, thereby preventing the synthesis of nucleotide precursors. This product has been shown to be effective against bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The hydration properties of 2-deoxy -2 fluorodeoxy D ribofuranose make it an ideal ligand for binding to enzymes in order to inhibit their function. The nature of this compound also makes it an ideal candidate for thermodynamic studies.

2,5-Di-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-D-threo-pentono-1,4-lactone is a monosaccharide with the molecular formula C5H8O4. It is a carbohydrate that can be found in natural products such as honey and sugar cane. 2,5-Di-O-acetyl-3,6,-dideoxyhexose can be custom synthesized to order. Carbohydrates are polymers of glycosidic bonds between monosaccharides. Glycosylation refers to the attachment of a sugar molecule (glycosyl donor) to another molecule (glycosyl acceptor). This process is often catalyzed by enzymes called glycosyltransferases. The modification of carbohydrates can be achieved through glycosylation, which results in the formation of an oligosaccharide or a complex carbohydrate. 2,5 Di-O acetyl 3,6 -

Benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-a-D-glucopyranoside is a synthetic substrate that is used in the synthesis of disaccharides. It is catalytic and has an efficient method for the preparation of acetonitrile, which can be eluted with acetic acid. It is a reagent that reacts with halides to form equimolar acetates. Acetylated benzyl 2-acetamido-2 deoxy 3 O-(b D galactopyranosyl) a D glucopyranoside can be obtained by reacting benzyl 2 acetamido 2 deoxy 3 O-(b D galactopyranosyl) a D glucopyranoside with acetic anhydride.

Disialyllacto-N-tetraose is a medicinal compound that has shown promising anticancer properties. It is an analog of a human urinary glycoprotein and has been found to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Disialyllacto-N-tetraose acts as a tumor inhibitor by blocking the activity of certain protein kinases, which are enzymes that play a role in cell growth and division. This compound has been studied extensively in Chinese medicine and has shown potential as an effective anticancer agent. Its unique structure and mechanism of action make it a promising candidate for further research into cancer treatment.

Diethoxy phosphonyl 4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid methyl ester is a glycosylation agent that is used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It is a methylated derivative of 4,7,8,9 tetra-O-acetyl neuraminic acid and can be used to modify the polysaccharide structure. This product has been shown to react with saccharides and oligosaccharides in a click reaction to produce fluorinated derivatives. Diethoxy phosphonyl 4,7,8,9 tetra-O-acetyl neuraminic acid methyl ester is also available as a custom synthesis.

Dextran sulphate is a dextran derivative whose ulcer (colitis) -causing properties were first reported in hamsters and extrapolated a few years later to mice and rats. The exact mechanisms through which dextran sulphate induces intestinal inflammation are unclear but may be the result of direct damage of the monolayer of epithelial cells in the colon, leading to the crossing of intestinal contents (for e.g. commensal bacteria and their products) into underlying tissue and therefore induction of inflammation.  The dextran sulphate sodium induced ulceration model in laboratory animals has some advantages, when compared to other animal models of colitis, due to its simplicity and similarities to human inflammatory bowel disease.

3,5-Dideoxy-3,5-imino-1,2-O-isopropylidene-N-butyl-6-O-tert.butyldimethylsilyl-b-L-galactofuranose is a synthetic sugar that can be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of glycosides. This compound has been fluorinated with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid to increase its stability and resistance to hydrolysis. The carbonyl group of the 3,5 position has been converted into an isopropylidene group by reacting with tert.butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl) in order to increase the reactivity of this functional group. This sugar can be modified at any position on its carbohydrate chain in order to produce desired products. It can also be methylated or acetylated at any position on the carbohydrate chain using reagents such as

1,5-α-L-Arabinotriose is a sugar that is found in the cell walls of plants. It is a trisaccharide composed of three L-arabinose units linked by α-(1→5) bonds. 1,5-α-L-Arabinotriose has been shown to be adsorbed on cellulose acetate and can be used to measure the molecular weight of the adsorbate. This sugar also undergoes optical rotations when it interacts with some dyes such as germanium tetrachloride. 1,5-α-L-Arabinotriose has many uses including: as a solute in chloride ion chromatography; as an absorbent in filtration experiments; and as a parameter for calculating thermodynamics for reactions involving hydrogen transfer.

a-D-Glucose-1-phosphate disodium salt hydrate (aGPD) is a bacterial strain that has been shown to produce fatty acids from glucose. The production of fatty acids has been shown to be dependent on transfer reactions involving tagatose, which is an intermediate product of the process optimization of aGPD. The final product of these reactions is lactic acid, which is formed in an acidic environment. This bacterial strain has also been used as a model system for studying kidney bean phosphatase and photosynthetic activity in monoclonal antibody production.

4,5-Di-O-acetyl-2,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-enononitrile is a custom synthesis carbohydrate. It has been modified with methyl and glycosylation groups. This product can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other compounds. 4,5 Di O acetyl -2,6 anhydro 3 deoxy D erythro hex 2 enononitrile is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and ethanol. It has a melting point of 74°C and it is stable up to 168°C.

Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-trityl-a-D-galactopyranoside is a synthetic modified oligosaccharide. It has been shown to have potent antiplaque activity in animal models of dental caries and has been demonstrated to be an effective inhibitor of the glycosylation reaction. Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-6-O-trityl galactopyranoside is soluble in water and can be used as a fluorinated monosaccharide. The compound can also be used as a click modification with other sugars or saccharides.

2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-L-mannopyranose is a sugar that is synthesized by the enzyme arabinofuranosidase. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of arabinose to form 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-l-mannopyranose. The enzyme has been shown to be thermostable and can be used as an acceptor for other enzymes, such as glycosyltransferases and glucosidases. The biosynthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxymannopyranose starts with l -arabinose, which is converted into d -arabinose by the action of aldaribinofuranosidase, followed by conversion into 2 acetamido--2 deoxymannopyranose by the action of arabinofuranosidase. Mutations in these enzymes have been found to affect the stereospecific

6-O-sulfated Lewis A is a high purity oligosaccharide with a custom synthesis and click modification. This product has been shown to be useful in glycosylation, methylation, and saccharide modification. It is a versatile carbohydrate that can be used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. 6-O-Sulfated Lewis A has CAS number 70520-34-5 and an Oligo/Mono Saccharide content of >95%.