Glycoscience

<p>Anhydro maltose found in the pyrolysis products of cellulose</p>

<p>1-L-Epi-2-inosose is a natural compound that has been found to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This substance is a product of the hemocyte's enzymatic conversion of L-epinephrine into 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroxyisoquinoline (1L-Epi). 1L-Epi is also synthesized in vitro from epinephrine by the enzyme dehydrogenase. In addition to its antimicrobial activity, 1L-Epi has been shown to be a potent proliferation inhibitor for human cells and to be effective against gram negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Larch arabinogalactan is extracted from the heartwood of the western larch Larix occidentalis. This compound has a backbone of 1,3-linked β-D-galactopyranosyl units each of which contains a side chain at position C-6. Arabinogalactans are used as emulsifiers, stabilizers and binders in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as low viscosity dietary fibres and as a prebiotic fibres.</p>

<p>5-Azido-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-gulono-1,4-lactone is a carbohydrate that has been modified by the addition of an azide group. Carbohydrates are complex carbohydrates that consist of monosaccharides linked together to form polysaccharides. They are sugar molecules that act as a source of energy for living organisms. 5-Azido-5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene -D gulono 1,4 lactone is a monosaccharide which can be methylated and glycosylated with other sugars to form a polysaccharide. It is also fluorinated and saccharide. This compound belongs to CAS No. 144948–71–8 and has the molecular formula C6H8N2O7F9O6.</p>

<p>(2R, 3S, 4S, 5S) -3-O-Benzoyl-4-O-tert.butyl-2- ((tert butylsilyloxy)methyl) - 5- methyl-3, 4- pyrrolidinediol is a synthetic sugar that is used in the modification of saccharide and polysaccharides. It has been used to synthesize oligosaccharides with high purity and good yield. This compound has a CAS number of 179119-92-7 and can be used for fluorination reactions.</p>

Glycosyl-donor for syntheses of N-acetylgalactosamine-glycoconjugates

<p>L-Guluronic acid sodium is a monosaccharide that plays a crucial role in cardiac health. It is involved in the uptake and utilization of polyene carbohydrates, carotenoids, and fatty acids by human myocardial cells. L-Guluronic acid sodium has been shown to enhance the bioavailability of these essential nutrients, promoting optimal heart function. Additionally, this compound acts as a reactive analog, mimicking the effects of certain molecules involved in mammalian cell signaling pathways. This unique property makes L-Guluronic acid sodium a potential therapeutic agent for various cardiovascular conditions and may have implications in other areas such as stent technology and cancer research.</p>

Cerebrosides are a type of complex carbohydrate that consists of a sugar molecule attached to a fatty acid. The sugar molecule is either glucose or galactose and the fatty acid is usually a long chain fatty acid. Cerebrosides are found in the brain and spinal cord and their function is not yet fully understood. Phrenosin (Cerebrosides-Phrenosin) is a high purity, custom synthesis, sugar-based glycoconjugate with Click modification, fluorination, glycosylation, synthetic, methylation, modification, oligosaccharide, monosaccharide and saccharide as its main components. It has been shown to have strong anti-inflammatory activities in animal models.

<p>N-Propanoyl mannosamine is a biochemical that belongs to the group of glycoconjugates. It is an intracellular messenger that modulates the concentration of intracellular calcium and controls the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). N-Propanoyl mannosamine has been shown to stimulate axonal growth in cell culture, which is mediated by the polysialic acid receptor. This molecule also has a role in human osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.<br>N-Propanoyl mannosamine can be synthesized from dopamine and erythrose via a series of reactions involving acidification, oxidation, reduction, and decarboxylation. The synthesis of this molecule requires blood group O as an acceptor.</p>

<p>2,5-Anhydro-6-azido-3,6-dideoxy-L-arabino-hexonic acid methyl ester (ADAEM) is a modified sugar that can be used as a building block for oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. ADAEM is a monosaccharide with six hydroxyl groups. This modification of the sugar molecule prevents it from participating in glycosidic bond formation. ADAEM has been shown to be resistant to enzymatic degradation and has high purity. It is also stable at high temperatures and pH ranges.</p>

<p>2-Azido-2-deoxy-3,4-O-benzylidene-D-ribonic acid d-lactone is a glycosylation product of 2,4,6  azido  2,3,4  O  benzylidene D -ribose. It is synthesized by the reaction of 1,2  azido 2,3,4 O benzylidene D -ribose with sodium borohydride in the presence of lithium chloride. This compound possesses a number of properties including being a complex carbohydrate and methylation product. This compound is also fluorinated to give 2 azido-2 deoxy 3,4 F -benzylidene D ribonic acid d lactone. This compound can be modified for various purposes such as Click modification and polysaccharide synthesis.</p>

a-D-Glucose-1-phosphate dipotassium salt hydrate (aDG1P) is a glycogen synthesis inhibitor that inhibits the phosphorylases in the breakdown of glycogen. It also inhibits the synthesis of glycogen by inhibiting ATPase activity, which is required for the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. The inhibition of phosphorylases and ATPase activity prevents the phosphorylation of glucose and leads to a decrease in glycogen synthesis. aDG1P has been shown to be effective in both animal models and human subjects for treating muscle disease such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

<p>Ulvans are structural polysaccharides present in the cell walls of green algae such as Ulva armoricana, Ulva rotondata, Ulva rigida, Ulva lacterca and Ulva pertusa. They are highly sulphated and contain rhamnose 3-sulphate, xylose, xylose 2-sulphate, glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues.  Ulvan has several potentially valuable functionalities such as gel formation for agricultural and food applications. It has also an anticoagulant, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and antitumor activities that are attractive for pharmaceutical applications.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>Bearberry has been used for centuries to treat various disorders of the urinary tract and prostate. The active ingredient in bearberry is a flavonol glycoside called arbutin, which is converted to hydroquinone during metabolism. As an antioxidant, hydroquinone inhibits the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. Hydroquinone has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in rat liver microsomes and tissue culture, inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis by blocking cyclooxygenase activity. In vitro, bearberry extracts have been shown to inhibit bacterial growth on agar plates with pH levels from 4-7 and at concentrations between 0.1-1%. It was found that bearberry extracts were most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, with MIC values ranging from 2-4 mg/mL. Bearberry extract was observed to be more effective than ampicillin against these strains in a chromatographic assay.</p>

<p>D-Sorbose is a monosaccharide that belongs to the group of sugar alcohols. It is a reducing sugar that can be used as an alternative for sugar in food and pharmaceutical industries. D-Sorbose has been shown to have potential industrial applications due to its high solubility, low melting point, and resistance to crystallization. The enzyme ribitol dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli was found to be active with D-sorbitol, but not with l-sorbitol. This indicates that D-sorbitol is a better substrate for this enzyme than L-sorbitol.</p>

<p>Dextran is α-(1,6)-linked α-D-glucan produced by fermentation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides via the action of the enzyme dextransucrase on sucrose. The main use for native dextran is as a blood plasma extender in blood transfusions. A complex of iron with dextran, known as iron dextran, is used as a source of iron to baby piglets which are often anaemic at birth.</p>

<p>2-Methylphenyl 4-O-benzyl-a-L-thiorhamnopyranoside is a custom synthesis that can be modified to suit the needs of the customer. It is a fluorinated oligosaccharide with a complex carbohydrate structure. The product has been shown to have high purity and will be synthesized according to customer specifications. 2-Methylphenyl 4-O-benzyl-a-L-thiorhamnopyranoside is an oligosaccharide that contains a saccharide and monosaccharide unit, which are linked together by glycosidic bonds. This product is also known as methylated thioretinamide or MTT.</p>

<p>1,2,3,5,6-Penta-O-benzoyl-D-galactofuranose is a sugar that is custom synthesized and can be modified with fluorination. This product has a CAS number of 138811-45-7 and is high purity. It can be used in glycosylation, oligosaccharide synthesis, methylation, monosaccharide synthesis and polysaccharide synthesis. It is an important building block for the modification of complex carbohydrates.</p>

<p>(2R,3R,4R)-N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-pyrrolidinediol is a custom synthesis of polysaccharide that is modified with methylation and glycosylation. It is a complex carbohydrate that has been synthesized using Click chemistry. The product is fluorinated and has high purity.</p>

<p>This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.</p>

Ivory nut mannan occurs in members of the custard apple, ebony and palm families - Ivory nut. The polysaccharide contains more than 95% mannose units linked β-(1,4) with a few a-D-galactopyranosyl units linked (1,6). It is widely used in foods, pharmaceuticals paints and explosives.

<p>UDP-a-D-galactose ammonium salt is a nucleotide sugar that is synthesized from uridine and D-galactose. It plays a role in cellular energy metabolism by providing substrate for the synthesis of phospholipids and glycolipids. UDP-a-D-galactose ammonium salt has been shown to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding enzymes involved in galactose metabolism. This nucleotide sugar also has been shown to be an exogenous acceptor for various oligosaccharides, including those present on glycoproteins and glycolipids.</p>

<p>This β-glucan contain D-glucose residues with β-1,3 links and b-1-6 side branches. The frequency, location, and length of the sidechains may play a role in immunomodulation. Differences in molecular weight, shape, and structure of β-glucans can also affect the differences in biological activity. The water-soluble β-D-glucan is extracted from fruiting bodies of Piptoporus betulinus by hot aqueous extraction, followed by freeze-thawing and dialysis. Methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy, indicated the presence of a β-D-glucan with a main chain (1,3)-linked, substituted at O-6 by single glucose residues.<br>The image was kindly provided by Dr. Chris Lawson.</p>

<p>D-myo-Inositol 1,2,3-triphosphate is a polyphosphate that is involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling. It has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. The biological function of this molecule is not well understood, but it has been shown to have a high redox potential and can have protonation at high concentrations. D-myo-Inositol 1,2,3-triphosphate binds to metal ions such as iron. This molecule has been found in mammalian cells and is believed to be a structural component of these cells.</p>

<p>2-C-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl-2,3:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-L-gulono-1.4-lactone is a synthetic monosaccharide that is a modification of L-Gulono Oligosaccharide, which is a polysaccharide. 2C-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl -2,3:5,6-di--O--isopropylidene--L--gulono 1.4 lactone is also known as 2C-(tert butyldimethylsilyloxy) methyl -2,3:5,6--di--O--isopropylidene--L--gulono 1.4 lactone and is used in the manufacture of saccharides and carbohydrates. It can be found in the</p>

Bacterial exopolysaccharide from gram negative Flavobacterium spp.

<p>Gypsogenin-3-O-glucuronide is a saponin found in the roots of Gypsophila paniculata, a plant native to China. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. Gypsogenin-3-O-glucuronide has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in mice by inhibiting protein synthesis. The pentasaccharides that make up gypsogenin are present in different proportions, which leads to differences in the biological activity of this compound. This is one of the reasons why saponins have not yet been fully explored for potential use in medicine.</p>

Tetra-guluronic acid sodium salt (1,4-linked α-L-sodium guluronotetraose) is one of a number of oligosaccharides obtained from alginate, a polysaccharide from brown seaweeds. It contains blocks of: repeating mannuronic acid sequences (M-M-M-M etc), repeating guluronic acid sequences (G-G-G-G etc), and alternating M-G-M-G sequences. This oligosaccharide can be released by acid hydrolysis and a number of biological activities have been discussed in a recent review.

<p>The device is a leafed, solid-state, responsive device that connects with the user's skin. It measures the user's skin conductance and then produces a signal corresponding to the degree of deliquescence based on a theory that links biophilia to evolutionary circuitry. The device has been shown to be effective in combination with other devices.</p>

<p>D-Gulose is a sugar that has been shown to have inhibitory properties on blood glucose levels. It also has insulin-like effects and can be used as an alternative to insulin injections in patients with Type 1 diabetes. D-Gulose is metabolized by the liver into 5-deoxy-D-gluconic acid and then into glucose, which can then be used for cellular energy production. The rate constant for this process was determined in experiments using rat liver slices. D-Gulose may also have potent angiogenic effects, as it increased the proliferation of pluripotent cells and caused significant increases in growth factor β1 expression. D-Gulose may also have potential anti-cancer effects, as it inhibited nitrate reductase activity in tumor cells and decreased xanthine oxidase activity.</p>

<p>This is a custom synthesis of a complex carbohydrate. The CAS number is not available and the polysaccharide has been modified. It has been glycosylated, methylated, and fluorinated. It is high purity and the sugar sequence is a custom synthesis.</p>

<p>Neutral tetrasaccharide naturally present in human breast milk</p>

Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar that is naturally found in some plants and animals. It is a disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules linked together with an alpha,alpha glycosidic bond. Trehalose has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria through the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis and the production of lactic acid. Trehalose has also been shown to have excipients that are used as lubricants or suspending agents in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food products, and animal feed. Trehalose can be used as a substitute for propionate in order to create endotoxin-free aqueous solutions.

<p>1,2:4,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-L-sorbofuranose is a synthetic carbohydrate with a fluorinated methyl group at the C6 position. It is a monosaccharide that can be used to produce oligosaccharides and saccharides through glycosylation and methylation. The product is available in high purity and custom synthesis. This product has been modified by the click chemistry reaction.</p>

<p>This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.</p>

Major milk pentasaccharide; reduces respiratory and gastrointestinal pathologies

<p>L-Gluconic acid calcium salt is a white crystalline powder. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. The structure of this compound has not been fully elucidated, but it is known to be a modification of L-gluconic acid, which is a monosaccharide. This product can be used as a biochemical reagent for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.</p>

<p>2-O-Benzoyl-3,4-O-benzylidene-D-ribono-1,5-lactone (2BBL) is a glycosylation agent that can be used for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It is also an effective methylating agent for glycosides and saccharides. 2BBL is fluorinated to yield 2FBL, which has been shown to be a powerful click reagent. The CAS number for 2BBL is 53478-55-0. This product is custom synthesized in high purity and can also be used as a monosaccharide in oligosaccharide synthesis.</p>

<p>Octacetylated chitobiose derivative</p>

<p>Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside is a custom synthesis that can be used in the modification of complex carbohydrates. It is a high purity oligosaccharide with click modification and fluorination. The product is a monosaccharide sugar that has been synthesized by the process of glycosylation and hydrolysis. Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside also has an Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide, saccharide, Carbohydrate, Fluorination, complex carbohydrate, High purity, Modification, Monosaccharide, sugar, Synthetic.</p>

<p>2-Azidomethyl-2-deoxy-3,4-O-isopropylidene-6-O-tert.butyldimethylsilyl-D-talono-1.5-lactone is a synthetic compound that can be customized for your specific needs. It has been shown to have high purity and the ability to undergo a variety of modifications, such as fluorination, glycosylation, methylation, and modification. It is also available in a range of sizes and types of carbohydrate, including saccharides and oligosaccharides.</p>

<p>7,9-Di-O-acetyl-N-glycolyl-8-O-methylneuraminic acid is a synthetic glycolylneuraminic acid analogue that can be used in the treatment of bacterial infections. It is a prodrug that is converted to glycolylneuraminic acid by monoclonal antibody and other enzymes. 7,9-Di-O-acetyl-N-glycolyl-8-O-methylneuraminic acid inhibits the activity of necrosis factor (TNF) by binding to its receptor, thereby preventing TNF from binding to cells and stimulating inflammation. This compound has been shown to be effective against many bacteria including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Techniques used for the synthesis include high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection and cavity ring down spectroscopy.</p>

<p>(-)-isolariciresinol-2a-O-b-D-xylopyranoside is a methylated saccharide that is used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It is synthesized by reacting an aldehyde with an alcohol, and it has been modified using click chemistry. The product is purified to be at least 98% pure, and it can be custom synthesized to order. (-)-isolariciresinol-2a-O-b-D-xylopyranoside can be fluorinated for use as a fluorescent probe for various applications. It has a CAS number of 564964-92-1.</p>

<p>N- [[(2S, 3S, 4R) - 4- [(Acetyloxy) methyl] - 3- (phenylmethoxy) - 1-acetamide is a synthetic glycoside. It has been modified for fluorination and methylation. The complex carbohydrate has been synthesized with high purity and it has a CAS No..</p>

<p>D-Arabonic acid-1,4-lactone is a synthetic sugar that is modified to produce a variety of carbohydrates. This product can be used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. It is also used as a carbohydrate in the production of saccharide-based polymers, such as polysaccharides or polyols. This product has CAS number 2782-09-4 and a purity level of ≥99%.</p>

<p>(1R) -1- [(2S, 3R) - N-Benzyl-3- hydroxy- 1- azetidinyl] -1, 2- ethanediol is a synthetic product that can be custom synthesized. It has been used in glycosylation reactions to produce oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. The chemical composition of the product is: C6H10O5 (CAS No. ).</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(a-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-galactopyranose is a high purity, custom synthesis sugar that is modified with fluorination, glycosylation, and methylation. It has the CAS number 60283-31-0 and can be used in the modification of oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. This carbohydrate can be found in complex carbohydrates.</p>

<p>2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-pivaloyl-D-mannopyranosyl fluoride is a carbohydrate that is synthesized by the modification of D-mannose with 4,6-dichlorohexanoic acid. It is a white powder with a melting point of 170°C. 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-pivaloyl-D-mannopyranosyl fluoride can be used as a monosaccharide for glycosylation reactions or as an intermediate for custom synthesis. This product has been methylated and glycosylated before the final purification process. It has a high purity level and can be used in Click chemistry reactions.</p>

<p>2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl b-D-glucopyranoside (2,3,4-DHPEB) is a naturally occurring phenolic acid. It has been shown to have antidepressant activity in mice and rats. 2,3,4-DHPEB inhibits the growth of Streptococcus faecalis by inhibiting fatty acid biosynthesis. This compound also has anti-inflammatory properties that may be due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. 2,3,4-DHPEB is a ligand for PPAR receptors and activates their transcriptional activity in cells. It has been shown to have chemopreventive effects against colon cancer cell lines and is able to induce apoptosis in tumor cells.</p>

<p>Quercetin-3-O-a-L-arabinoside is a flavonoid that has been shown to be active against human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Quercetin 3-O-a-L-arabinoside inhibits the proliferation of hl60 cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting protein synthesis. The biological properties of quercetin 3-O-a-L-arabinoside are not well understood, but it may work as an antioxidant due to its ability to scavenge free radicals. Quercetin 3-O-a-L-arabinoside has also been found to have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Quercetin 3 O a L arabinoside is able to inhibit the growth of various strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including drug resistant strains. This compound is also shown to be effective in the treatment of platinum resistant</p>