Terpenoides

Ursolic acid acetate is a natural triterpenoid compound, which is derived from the acetylation of ursolic acid. This compound is sourced from a variety of medicinal plants, including apples, rosemary, and holy basil. Its mode of action involves modulating multiple cellular pathways, including the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). These actions contribute to its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties.

Costus lactone is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone, which is derived from the roots of the plant Saussurea lappa, commonly known as costus. This sesquiterpene is a secondary metabolite that exhibits various bioactive properties. Costus lactone achieves its effects primarily through interactions with microbial cell membranes and can inhibit growth and replication by disrupting cellular processes crucial to microbial survival.

Loganin is a bioactive iridoid compound, which is a type of secondary metabolite typically found in plants. It is primarily derived from sources such as the genera Strychnos and Gentiana, among others. Loganin operates through various biological pathways, influencing enzymatic and receptor activities that contribute to its pharmacological effects. These activities include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective actions, making Loganin a compound of interest in several areas of medical research.

Saikosaponin C is a triterpene saponin, which is a bioactive compound found in various medicinal plants, particularly those in the genus Bupleurum, often used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is derived from the roots of these plants, where it coexists with other saponins, contributing to their medicinal properties.

Epibetulinic acid is a naturally occurring triterpenoid acid, which is a derivative of betulinic acid. This compound is primarily sourced from the bark of birch trees, specifically from the Betula genus. It is a pentacyclic compound characterized by its typical lupane skeleton. Epibetulinic acid is noted for its diverse biological activities, underscoring its potent mode of action as a modulator of various cellular pathways.

Ajugarin II is a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside found in plants belonging to the genus Ajuga, which is a member of the Lamiaceae family. These plants have been traditionally used in herbal medicine and are known for their various pharmacological properties. The source of Ajugarin II is primarily the leaf and stem tissues, where it is biosynthesized as part of the plant's secondary metabolites.

14-Epitriptolide is a diterpenoid epoxide, which is derived from the natural product triptolide. It originates from the plant species *Tripterygium wilfordii*, commonly known in traditional Chinese medicine. The mode of action of 14-Epitriptolide involves the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription, thereby interfering with transcriptional processes essential for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, it induces oxidative stress and disrupts cellular homeostasis.

Beta-Caryophyllene is a bicyclic sesquiterpene, which is a natural product found in essential oils derived from various plants, including black pepper, cloves, and cannabis. This compound is characterized by its unique ability to selectively bind to cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), acting as a full agonist. Unlike typical cannabinoids, beta-Caryophyllene does not interact substantially with CB1 receptors, making it non-psychoactive.