Flavonoides

Marein shows neuroprotective effect on PC12 cell damage induced by methylglyoxal, which is due to a reduction of damage to mitochondria function and activation of the AMPK signal pathway, it may be a potent compound for preventing/counteracting diabetic encephalopathy. Marein can improve insulin resistance induced by high glucose in HepG2 cells through CaMKK/AMPK/GLUT1 to promote glucose uptake, through IRS/Akt/GSK-3β to increase glycogen synthesis, and through Akt/FoxO1 to decrease gluconeogenesis. Marein shows antioxidant activity, it shows Histone deacetylase enzymes (HDACs) inhibitory activity and it also can inhibit TNFα-induced NF-κB activation.

Morusin exhibits antinociceptive, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities. Morusin can inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 activity, activate caspases activity, and restorate GABA level.

Isovitexin, a food phytochemical contained in dietary rice products, it exhibits in vivo α-glucosidase inhibition, it possesses antihyperglycemic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Isovitexin inhibited xanthine oxidase with an IC50 value of 15.2 microM, it may protect cells from oxidative stress. It inhibited JNK, MAPK and NF-κB and activated HO-1/Nrf2 pathways.