Nucleótidos

UDP-N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (UDP-GlcNAz) is an analogue of UDP-GalNAc, bearing an azido group on the N-acyl side chain. It acts as an unnatural substrate for the polypeptide N-R-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAcTs) which are enzymes that play a role in mucin-type O-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis. UDP-GlcNAz is accepted as a nucleotide-sugar donor, appending an azidosugar onto its native substrates, which can then be detected using azide-reactive chemical probes. The azide group can be detected by the conjugation with phosphine probes via the Staudinger ligation, or alkyne probes via cycloaddition reactions.

Adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sodium salt has been used quantify pyrophosphate and in enzyme-linked bioluminescence assay for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine is a naturally-occurring organic solvent found in the human body. It has been shown to inhibit fibroid growth and to have an anti-inflammatory effect on the uterus. Adenosine is also a potent endogenous vasodilator, which may be due to its ability to activate adenosine receptors. In addition, it has been demonstrated that adenosine inhibits the synthesis of target enzymes such as collagenase and hyaluronidase. The uptake of adenosine by cells is inhibited by nevirapine, which is an HIV protease inhibitor. This inhibition leads to increased extracellular levels of adenosine, which stimulates phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs) and decreases histamine release from mast cells. The ERKs are activated in response to many stimuli including cytokines, growth factors, and stressors such as UV light or heat shock.BR> In vitro studies using human tissue have shown that ad

<p>The 4-Amino-6-hydroxy-2-mercapto-5-nitrosopyrimidine ammonium salt is a solvent that has been used in the synthesis of various organic and inorganic compounds. It is a five membered ring compound with solvents, such as chlorides, and it can be found in diffraction patterns. 4-Amino-6-hydroxy-2-mercapto-5 nitrosopyrimidine ammonium salt can also act as a ligand in metal complexes. The molecule has carbonyl groups which chelate to the metal atom and form a ring with chlorine atoms.</p>

<p>6-Chloro-9-(2'-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)purine is a nucleoside analogue that inhibits the replication of the hepatitis C virus. It binds to the viral RNA polymerase and blocks the synthesis of viral RNA, thereby preventing infection. This drug also has antiviral activity against HIV and herpes simplex viruses. The antiviral effect is due to its ability to inhibit phosphatases and carboxylates, which are involved in the initiation of mRNA transcription and protein translation, respectively. 6-Chloro-9-(2'-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)purine is metabolized by deoxyadenosine kinase into 6-chloropurine ribonucleotide, which can be converted into other purines.</p>

Thymidine-5'-monophosphate disodium salt is a nucleoside that is synthesized by reductive phosphorylation of thymidine. It is a substrate for nucleotide synthesis and can be used as a reagent in the synthesis of oligonucleotides. Thymidine-5'-monophosphate disodium salt can be reduced to form thymidine, which can then be converted to 5-thio-2'-deoxyuridylate or 5-thio-2'-deoxycytidylate. This conversion takes place through the cleavage reaction of the thymidine residue from the disodium salt.

<p>9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)guanine is an arabinoside derivative that has high affinity for DNA. 9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)guanine binds to the phosphate groups in DNA and inhibits the synthesis of DNA. It is used in vitro assays to study molecular pathogenesis and in vivo as a drug against leukemia, lymphomas, and other cancers. 9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)guanine also inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes. This drug can cause significant side effects such as gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. It can also cause blood dyscrasias and liver damage.</p>

N6-Acetyladenosine is a nucleoside that belongs to the group of N-acetylated adenosines. It is found in thermophilic organisms and has been shown to be involved in optimal growth. N6-Acetyladenosine has also been found to be an important part of the coding and population modifications of crenarchaeota, archaeal organisms that are phylogenetically related to methanogens. Unfractionated populations of methanogen contain both N6-acetyladenosine residues and other modified adenosines, with each organism differing in the types of modifications they contain. Transfer of these modified adenosines from one organism to another can lead to changes in their coding and population modifications.

<p>2′,3′-O-Isopropylideneuridine serves as a key intermediate in the chemical synthesis of N-benzoyl uridine derivatives and N3-substituted 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneuridines, which exhibit central nervous system (CNS) depressant properties</p>

<p>2'-Deoxy-5-formyluridine (2DFO) is a nucleobase analogue that inhibits the enzymatic activity of DNA glycosylases, which are enzymes that remove sugar residues from damaged DNA. 2DFO has been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells by inhibiting DNA synthesis and promoting oxidative damage to the cell's DNA. 2DFO has also been shown to inhibit the growth of DU-145 cells in vitro and in vivo models. This drug was found to be more effective at preventing metastasis of colorectal cancer when it was administered with a platinum-based chemotherapy drug.</p>

<p>2'-Deoxy-L-guanosine is a nucleoside that is used as an antibiotic. It inhibits protein synthesis, which leads to cell death. This drug has a high level of resistance against bacteria and is effective in the treatment of gram-positive bacteria. 2'-Deoxy-L-guanosine binds to the ribose phosphate backbone of DNA, phosphorylating it and preventing the base pairing of adenosine with thymine. This inhibits the production of DNA and RNA, leading to cell death. 2'-Deoxy-L-guanosine has been shown to be active against Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The enantiomer form is more potent than the racemic mixture, but both forms are effective antibiotics.</p>

Methyl donor and a cofactor for enzyme-catalyzed methylations

<p>5-(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)-2-thiouridine is a modified deoxyribonucleoside that is used as a phosphoramidite to synthesize oligonucleotides. 5-(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)-2-thiouridine inhibits the synthesis of viral DNA and RNA, and its antiviral activity has been shown in vitro. It also may have anticancer activity due to its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. This compound has high quality, high purity, and novel properties.</p>

<p>5-Bromocytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that has been shown to inhibit the replication of influenza virus in cell culture. It stabilizes the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme, which is responsible for converting ribonucleosides to deoxyribonucleosides. This inhibition prevents the production of viral RNA and protein synthesis, leading to inhibition of viral growth. 5-Bromocytidine has also been shown to have antiviral effects against HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) in cell cultures.</p>

<p>N4-Aminocytidine is an analog of uridine that can be used as an inhibitor of the growth of bacteria. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in vitro. N4-Aminocytidine binds to the bacterial ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis, which results in cell death. This drug has also been found to act as a potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist in vivo and inhibits uptake of cannabinoids into cells in culture. N4-Aminocytidine has also been shown to bind to dna duplexes and chemically react with them, altering their structure. This drug has not yet been tested for safety or efficacy in humans.</p>

<p>1,3-Dimethylpseudouridine is a methylated derivative of pseudouridine, which is a naturally occurring modified nucleoside found in RNA. This compounds can be used in research applications</p>

<p>3'-O-Aminothymidine is an isomer of thymidine, a nucleoside that is found in DNA and RNA. It has a neutral charge and belongs to the category of nucleosides. 3'-O-Aminothymidine is synthesized by the coupling of an amino group with a hydroxyl group. This reaction is efficient and can be used to produce dimers. 3'-O-Aminothymidine can also be used as a precursor for other nucleotides or as a synthetic intermediate in other chemical reactions.</p>

Stearoyl coenzyme A lithium is a novel modified ribonucleoside that is synthesized by enzymatic phosphorylation of 3'-deoxyribonucleosides. It has anticancer, antiviral, and antitumor activities. Stearoyl coenzyme A lithium is a monophosphate nucleotide which activates the transcription factors that regulate gene expression and replication. The drug also inhibits viral replication through competitive inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase.

<p>8-Bromoguanosine (8BrG) is a potent inhibitor of cyclase enzymes that lead to the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). It has been shown to inhibit signal pathways, such as those regulated by the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which are activated by the 2-adrenergic receptor. 8BrG has been shown to be effective against C. glabrata and other fungi and has been used in experimental models for infectious diseases.</p>

<p>2'-Deoxy-N2-isobutyrylguanosine (2'-DIBG) is an inhibitor of bacterial translocation that has been shown to inhibit the growth of several bacterial species. This drug binds to fatty acids, which are important for maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane and preventing bacterial translocation. 2'-DIBG also inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species by bacteria, which contributes to its antimicrobial activity. Inflammation can be reduced by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis with 2'-DIBG. The inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may be due to its ability to form acid conjugates with fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids, which are precursors for prostaglandins. 2'-DIBG also inhibits the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in bacteria, leading to a decrease in bacterial growth rate.</p>

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-D-ribofuranose 5'-monophosphate (AICAR) is an analogue of AMP that activates the AMPK pathway. It is a potent activator that increases the activity of this enzyme, which regulates cellular energy metabolism. AICAR has been shown to induce significant cytotoxicity in k562 cells and to increase the levels of ATP in these cells. This compound has also been shown to have potential use in metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, by increasing uptake and kinetic of glucose. AICAR has also been shown to activate the AMPK pathway in prostate cancer cells and increase cellular physiology.

<p>Inhibitor of heat shock protein Hsp60; immunosuppressant</p>

<p>2'-Deoxy-5-hydroxymethyluridine (DHMU) is a natural compound that has been shown to have inhibitory properties against bowel disease. DHMU inhibits the proliferation of wild-type strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli by binding to their nuclear dna. It also prevents DNA synthesis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and synergizes with pharmacological agents, such as radiation or chemotherapeutic agents, to induce cell death. This agent can be used as an analytical method for the detection of nucleic acids.</p>

N6-Benzoyladenosine is a purine nucleoside that is synthesized from uridine and has a high resistance to phosphorylation. It is found in the mitochondrial matrix of rat hepatocytes and can be used as a specific agent for the treatment of symptoms related to Parkinson's disease. N6-Benzoyladenosine inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting the catalytic subunit of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, which are involved in cellular energy production. It also inhibits camp levels and camp concentrations in mitochondria, which may be due to its effects on the trimethylbenzodiazepine receptor.

<p>8-Bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine is a reactive brominated compound that has been shown to stabilize DNA strands. The effects of 8-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine on the stability of DNA are due to the steric interactions between the bromine and amines in the DNA backbone, which prevent nucleophilic attack. 8-Bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine is an antihistamine, but it has also been used as a precursor for other drugs such as zidovudine, an antiviral drug used in HIV/AIDS therapy. It has also been proposed as a potential treatment for atherosclerosis.</p>

<p>Antiviral compound; inhibitor of viral RNA replication</p>

<p>N4-Benzoyl-L-cytidine is an acid that is used as a building block in organic synthesis. It is a precursor to many biologically active compounds, including nucleosides and nucleotides. N4-Benzoyl-L-cytidine is an aminoacylated derivative of cytidine, which can be synthesized by reacting the benzoyl chloride with the corresponding amine. This reaction product can be purified by extraction into an organic solvent followed by washing with water and drying under vacuum. The compound can be converted to its hydrolysis products, benzoic acid and pyrrolidinone, through acidic hydrolysis. The synthesis of N4-benzoyl-L-cytidine can also be achieved using solid phase chemistry (SPS) to exploit the reactivity of amino acids and their derivatives.</p>

2'-Deoxycytidine-3'-monophosphate free acid is a nucleotide that is synthesized from deoxyadenosine triphosphate and deoxycytidine triphosphate in the presence of ribonucleotide reductase. It is the precursor to DNA synthesis, where it is converted to dCTP by thymidylate synthase. 2'-Deoxycytidine-3'-monophosphate free acid has low energy and vibrational levels, due to its glycosidic bond. This bond can be broken by chromatographic methods. The excised activated product uridine can be used for carcinogenesis studies, as well as for other molecular studies such as electron microscopy and crystallography. 2'-Deoxycytidine-3'-monophosphate free acid is an unstable molecule that can undergo dinucleotide rearrangements, electron transfer, or bond cleavage to form a metastable molecule with

<p>Anti-viral; reverse transcriptase inhibitor</p>

<p>3'-Amino-2',3'-dideoxyinosine acts as a chain terminator in DNA synthesis due to the absence of a 3'-hydroxyl group. The 3'-amino group allows for the attachment of various molecules to the 3' end of oligonucleotides, and the inosine base introduces the potential for wobble base pairing, making it a specialized tool for research and potential diagnostic applications.</p>

<p>2',5'-Dideoxycytidine is a nucleoside for use in a variety of applications</p>

<p>terminates RNA strand synthesis catalyzed by RNA polymerase.</p>

<p>2'-O-Allyladenosine is a synthetic nucleoside analog that has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme guanosine kinase. It has a high yield and can be used as a synthon for the preparation of 2'-deoxyribose nucleosides. The alkylation of allyl groups onto adenosines provides an efficient method for synthesizing allylated purines, which are analogs with increased stability and affinity for DNA sequences. 2'-O-Allyladenosine has been shown to bind to DNA, RNA, and proteins. Its interaction with DNA is stronger than that of unmodified adenosine, due to the presence of two allyl groups that can form hydrogen bonds with the phosphate backbone. This interaction may also lead to increased affinity for sequences containing G-C base pairs.</p>

<p>An azanucleoside and epigenetic modulator that interferes with nucleic acid metabolism. The compound gets incorporated into RNA and inhibits ribonucleotide reductase subunit RRM2 in leukemia cell lines. Intracellularly, 5-azacytidine can get converted into 2′-deoxy-5-azacytidine (decitabine) and subsequently incorporated in DNA, where it irreversibly inhibits DNMT1 methyltransferase. In human epithelial cell lines, this compound decreases Src-activated expression of a histone chaperone CAF1 and inhibits cell motility and invasiveness.</p>

<p>5-(Azidomethyl)uridine (5-AZA-U) is a cytosolic nucleoside analog that inhibits the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). It is resistant to degradation by cellular nucleases and is fluorescent, making it a clickable substrate for microscopy. 5-AZA-U has been shown to inhibit the transcription of viral DNA and the synthesis of viral proteins in mammalian cells. This drug has also been shown to be effective against cancer and hepatitis B virus (HBV). 5-AZA-U can be used as an antiviral agent because of its ability to inhibit the posttranscriptional gene expression of HSV-1. 5-(Azidomethyl)uridine is also an analog of uridine, which can be used to study intracellular signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis in mammalian cells.</p>

<p>Acetyl coenzyme A lithium salt is a drug that inhibits the production of acetyl-CoA, which is an important molecule in the metabolism of fatty acids. This drug has been shown to be effective against cancerous cells by inhibiting the synthesis of lysine residues and carnitine. Acetyl coenzyme A lithium salt has also been shown to inhibit the growth of typhimurium, which may be due to its ability to inhibit NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase. Acetyl coenzyme A lithium salt has not been shown to have any carcinogenic potential in humans, but it has been shown to have carcinogenic potential in animal models.</p>

<p>7-Methylguanosine 5'-triphosphate sodium salt is a Novel, High purity, Activator, High quality, Modified, Ribonucleosides. CAS No. 104809-18-9. Synthetic, DNA, Phosphoramidites. Anticancer, diphosphate. 7-Methylguanosine 5'-triphosphate sodium salt is an antiviral agent that blocks the synthesis of viral RNA or DNA by inhibiting the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. It is a monophosphate analog of guanosine triphosphate and may be useful in the treatment of cancer or antiviral therapy because it inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in tumor cells.</p>

<p>5'-O-Acetyladenosine is a labile nucleoside that can be converted to adenosine. It is a substrate for the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, which converts it to adenosine monophosphate. 5'-O-Acetyladenosine has been shown to function as an equilibrating agent in the synthesis of guanosine and other pyrimidine nucleotides. In addition, it is a precursor for the synthesis of purines. 5'-O-Acetyladenosine can be synthesized from trimethyl phosphate and chloride gas yields acetaldehyde, which then reacts with phosphorus oxychloride to form 5'-O-acetyladeninol, which undergoes hydrolysis to yield 5'-O-acetyladenosine. The regioselectivity of this reaction depends on the concentration of reactants and solvents used in the reaction.</p>

<p>The nucleophilic opening of 2,2'-Anhydrouridine represents a novel synthetic approach for elaborating the ring of nucleosides. For example, compounds such as 2-amino-, 2-fluoro- and 2-phenylseleno-2-deoxyuridines are prepared from the nucleophilic opening of 2,2'-Anhydrouridine.Â2,2'-Anhydrouridine inhibits uridine phosphorylase, a key enzyme targeted by some antitumor drugs.</p>

5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methyl-N6-phenoxyacetyladenosine is a novel synthetic nucleoside with antiviral and anticancer activities. It is a phosphoramidite that can be used to synthesize oligonucleotides of any sequence. It is a nucleoside analogue that has been shown to inhibit the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are enzymes that maintain the integrity of bacterial DNA. 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methyl-N6-phenoxyacetyladenosine is also an activator of viral transcription and replication. 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methyl-N6-phenoxyacetyladenosine has been shown to be active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens, although it is not active against acid fast bacteria such

<p>Blocks glutamatergic activity; neuroprotective</p>

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate monohydrate (AMP) is a nucleotide that is released by cells in response to various stimuli. It is involved in the regulation of metabolic rate, cell death, and inflammatory responses. AMP may also act as a mediator of opioid-induced analgesia. AMP has been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages and to reduce nociception at high doses. This drug also has an effect on blood pressure and may be used for the treatment of hypertension.

<p>Allopurinol riboside is a hydroxyl analog of allopurinol. Allopurinol riboside has minimal toxicity in tissue culture and exhibits no cytotoxicity in human serum. It is a potent inhibitor of microbial infection, including infections caused by Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Leishmania amazonensis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Allopurinol riboside binds to adenine nucleotide and inhibits the synthesis of purines, which are necessary for DNA replication. This binding also inhibits the production of ATP, leading to cell death. In addition, allopurinol riboside inhibits the growth of human macrophages in vitro by inhibiting protein synthesis. Allopurinol riboside may be useful for treating HCV-induced liver disease or leishmaniasis.</p>

<p>8-Aza-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine is a single-stranded DNA analogue that is used as a conjugate to deliver drugs to cells. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of HIV by suppressing viral replication and the production of infectious virions. The drug is photolabile, which means it can be activated with light and then delivered to cells. 8-Aza-7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine has also been shown to inhibit the growth of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro, but does not inhibit the growth of other viruses such as herpes simplex virus type 1 or adenovirus.</p>

<p>2,2'-Anhydrothymidine is an anhydro version of thymidine. As 2,2'-Anhydrothymidine is a modified version of thymidine it can help researchers understand what happens when DNA is changed or damaged. Other possible uses as in research related to antiviral drug creation.</p>

<p>a-Adenosine is a nucleoside that has been shown to have anti-cancer properties. It inhibits the proliferation of squamous carcinoma cells by irreversibly inhibiting adenosine deaminase, which converts adenosine to inosine, as well as other enzymes such as DNA polymerase and ribonucleotide reductase. The reaction mechanism for this inhibition is not yet fully understood, but it may be related to the inhibition of camp levels or receptor activity. a-Adenosine has also been shown to have anti-microbial properties against bacteria, fungi and yeast. It inhibits the growth of these microorganisms by binding to their cell walls and preventing protein synthesis. This drug is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo and has an antimicrobial effect at physiological concentrations.<br>A more potent analog of a-adenosine (a-adenosinium) has been developed that can inhibit epidermal growth factor (EGF).</p>

2'-O-Allyluridine is a nucleoside analogue that contains a 2'-hydroxyl group and an allyl group. It is synthesized from the nucleoside uridine by the process of allylation. The regiospecificity of the allylation reaction has been analysed and it has been found that the amino function on the uridine reacts with an allylic hydrogen bond to form 2'-O-allyluridine. The synthesis of 2'-O-allyluridine was successful in laboratory conditions, but not under physiological conditions. Research into this compound is still ongoing as it may have potential applications in the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer.

<p>2,2'-Anhydro-L-uridine is a nucleoside used in for research purposes. It is of particular interest due to it being an L-isomer which is different from the D-form sugars used by the human body. It is useful to study these kinds of molecules for their use in medicine, especially as antivirals</p>

<p>2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate is a nucleoside that has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of DNA in human cells. It has also been shown to have a role in the regulation of energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions. 2'-Deoxyguanosine monohydrate binds to the enzyme polymerase chain reaction, which prevents the reverse transcription process from occurring. This nucleoside is involved in the biological studies of cytokine production, such as IL-2 receptor binding and calcium pantothenate-dependent activation of nuclear DNA replication.</p>

<p>8-Azidoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphosphate is used for nucleotide labelling via a click reaction involving the azide moiety and a terminal alkyne conjugated to a label. The reaction generates a stable nucleotide labelled adduct containing a triazole link.</p>