Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.

Picfeltarraenin IA and Picfeltarraenin IB are Potential PI3K and EGFR Inhibitors, they also show stronger AChE inhibition than the known AChE inhibitor Tacrine.

Harpagoside has anti-inflammatory effects, it blocks lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone loss in an inflammatory osteoporosis model, and it does not prevent ovariectomy-mediated bone erosion in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model, it may lead to a partial prevention of obesity-induced atherosclerosis by attenuating inflammatory responses. Harpagoside suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression through inhibition of NF-κB activation. Harpagoside exerts neuroprotection effect and ameliorates learning and memory deficit appears to be associated, at least in part, with up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) content as well as activating its downstream signaling pathways, e.g., MAPK/PI3K pathways.

Harpagide has neuroprotective effect, it can obviously protect acute cerebral ischemia in mice,its therapeutical effects are approached to protecting the activity of brain mitochondria and decreasing protein expression level of caspase-3; harpagide also has a potential for prevention of bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice by regulating the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and the suppression of osteoclast formation. Harpagide may have anti-inflammatory efficacy.

Picfeltarraenin IA has anti-inflammatory activity, it is a strong AChE inhibitior, and an potential PI3K and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR ) inhibitor. It acts as an inhibitor on both the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system.

Angoroside C has anti-inflammatory effect , it can significantly inhibit LPS-induced PGE(2), NO and TNF-alpha in a concentration-dependent manner; it also exhibits cytotoxic and cytostatic activities against several kinds of cancer cells. Angoroside C has beneficial effects against ventricular remodeling, the mechanism is likely to be related to decreasing the level of Ang Ⅱ, attenuating the mRNA expressions of ET-1 and TGF-β1.