Péptidos

<p>Galanin (1-30) (human) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 which are G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis.Galanin (1-30) is provided with an N-terminal 5-FAM, a widely used green fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 490 nm/520 nm.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues NLNESLIDL (1192-1200) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

PFR-[AMC]

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin is provided here with an N-terminal 5-TAMRA, a widely used red fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 555 nm/580 nm. Cymit Quimica Laboratories Ltd is a custom peptide provider. If you desire an alternate dye, please contact us to request a custom synthesis.</p>

<p>Isotocin is a nonapeptide of the arginine vasopressin-oxytocin family produced exclusively in the preoptic area (POA) of teleosts. As a homologue of mammalian oxytocin, studying fish nonapeptides has shown that Isotocin mediates social and reproductive behaviour in fishes. Functional isotocin is stored in granules at the axon terminal with a carrier peptide, neurophysin. Stimuli leads to isotocin dissociation, to be released into the bloodstream or to cross over into the brain. It binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which subtype isotocin binds to defines the following physiological action. It, like other nonapeptides, is a neuromodulator in the CNS, but when distributed by the bloodstream, it acts as a peripheral hormone, such as regulating osmoregulation. Isotocin levels are sex-dependent and linked to the reproductive cycle.HPLC is a sensitive method to detect bioavailable isotocin and other nonapeptides. Measurement of mRNA levels of isotocin has been important to demonstrate the cyclical changes to regulate the endocrine calendar and diurnal rhythm. The level of isotocin is also considered a biomarker for aggression in behavioural indicators of fish welfare studies.</p>

Alyerserin-2c is a C-terminally α-amidated 17 residue cationic anti-microbial peptide (AMP). Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) are produced by the innate immune system and are expressed when the host is challenged by a pathogen. The Alyerserin family of peptides was first identified in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the midwife toad-Alytes obstetricans-(Alytidae). Alyteserin-2a, 2b and -2c show some sequence identity with bombinin H6, a peptide from the skins Bombinatoridae family of frogs.Alyteserin-2c is most potent against the Gram-positive bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus and has weak haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes.Alyteserin contain at least 50% hydrophobic amino acids. Hydrophobic residues contribute to the insertion of the peptide into the hydrophobic membrane core which results in membrane disruption and death of the pathogen. Due to their mechanism of action it is thought to be less likely for resistance to develop towards these peptides compared to conventional antibiotics.

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3, these G protein-coupled receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 with epilepsy.N-terminal fragments naturally occur in vivo, but their relevance is unclear. Some N-terminal fragments reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. Using N-terminal fragments such as galanin (3-13) can clarify the function of full-length galanin during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. This may highlight new agonists/antagonists for the galanin GalR receptors that can be putative therapeutic targets.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-4 agonist peptide represents the N-terminal sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues SVLNDILSR (975-983) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>Maier8 is a short basic amphipathic peptide that functions as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). Maier8 has been studied in comparison to other CPPs and found to be highly efficient at crossing into the cell without causing cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Maier8 has a long half-life which is vital for effective delivery of the conjugate.Maier8 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-Maier8 allows a wide variety of applications, particularly for conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from GP33, an epitope of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) which produces a CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte response.</p>

<p>CBL-B (22-37) is derived from the CBL-B E3 ubiquitin ligase which targets receptor tyrosine kinases to lysosome degradation. CBL-B and its family member CBL are expressed in hematopoietic cells and as E3 ubiquitin ligases they contain a tyrosine kinase domain and an RF domain joined by a linker domain. The function of the RF domain is to transfer ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes onto the target protein which is often phosphorylated. Consequently the ubiquitinated substrate, the receptor tyrosine kinases, are ultimately targeted to the lysosome for degradation.EGFR is an example of a receptor tyrosine kinase whose activation is prevented by CBL and CBL-B when they bind and recruit GRb2, the adapter protein to EGFR. Consequently the ubiquitinylation of EGFR occurs and targets it for recognition by the endosomal protein complex and then lysosome degradation.It has also been found that the CBL family can negatively regulate through ubiquitinylation, PI 3-kinases, Rap G-protein guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), C3G and Rho GTPase GEF Vav which are all non-receptors.If CBL or CBL-B becomes non-functional it can be associated with malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (426-440) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>This peptide is phosphorylated by Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and is an ideal substrate for use in kinase assays. The JAK family of kinases is essential for the signalling of a host of immune modulators in tumour, stromal, and immune cells where they are highly expressed. JAK family proteins mediate the signalling of the interferon (IFN), IL-6, and IL-2 families of cytokines.JAK kinases are associated with cytokine receptors. Cytokine binding to these receptors results in activation of JAK kinases and receptor phosphorylation. Phosphorylated cytokine receptors recruit STAT proteins, which are then phosphorylated by the activated JAK kinases. Phosphorylated STAT proteins form homo- and hetero-dimers that translocate into the nucleus and function as transcription factors.This JAK1 substrate peptide contains an N-terminal Biotin and a phospho-tyrosine residue</p>

<p>The Dystrophin protein, encoded by the dystrophin gene, is part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex which connects the inner cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix in muscle fibres. This allows the muscle cell plasma membrane to remain structurally stable.Forms of inherited muscular dystrophy such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) result from mutations targeting the dystrophin gene. These disorders are X-linked, progressive and cause the gradually weakening of the muscles leading to respiratory failure and ultimately reduces the patient lifespan.In DMD, mutations lead to the production of premature stop codons and hence the truncated dystrophin protein product is vulnerable to nonsense mediated decay and degradation. Therefore dystrophin production in muscle cells is reduced. On the other hand, nonsense mutations which also contribute to DMD, cause exon skipping in BMD and result in an internally truncated protein product which are partially functional. The symptoms of BMD are later onset compared with DMD which develop in patients between 2 to 7 years.</p>

<p>NanoLuc (Nluc) is an engineered luciferase protein which was developed from the luciferase of deep-sea shrimp (Oplophorus gracilirostris). This luciferase protein is considerably smaller than firefly or Renilla luciferase yet has higher luminescent intensity.In the NanoBiT assay system the NanoLuc luciferase protein has been separated into a large fragment, LgBiT, and a small fragment. HiBiT has a very similar amino acid sequence to the original small fragment and therefore has high specific affinity for the N-terminal large fragment, LgBiT. When these two fragments interact NanoLuc activity is restored. This system offers a novel alternative to conventional immunoblot analysis for the detection of protein expression when the HiBiT tag is added to the protein of interest and cell lysate is incubated with LgBiT. HiBiT peptide is capable of producing bright and quantitative luminescence through high affinity complementation with an 18 kDa subunit derived from NanoLuc (LgBiT).</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS.Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Aβ1-40 is a major C terminal variant of amyloid β constituting the most abundant AB peptide in the human brain.</p>

<p>[6-FAM]-Arg8 is an arginine rich cell penetrating peptide labelled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM).</p>

<p>Ovalbumin (OVA) is the primary protein in egg-white, and is involved in initiating food allergies and asthma. It is a highly immunogenic protein and can be used for peptide conjugation in the development of antibodies.OVA (324-340) is a class I (Kb)-restricted peptide epitope of OVA. The ovalbumin fragment is presented by the class I MHC molecule, H-2Kb.</p>