Toxicologie

Applications Lamivudine Dimer is an impurity of Lamivudine (L172500); a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and antiviral agent. Lamivudine has also been used for treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
References Morris, D.M., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 12, 255 (1944); Nevens, B.F., et al.: Gastroenterology, 113, 1258 (1997); Perry, C.M., et al.: Drugs, 53, 657 (1977)

Applications Posaconazole-D-Glucuronide is an impurity of Posaconazole(P689600); is orally active triazole antifungal.
References Cacciapuoti, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44, 2017 (2000), Herbrecht, R., et al.: Int. J. Clin. Pract., 58, 612 (2004), Panackal, A., et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol., 44, 1740 (2006),

Applications (5R)-Flucloxacillin N4-[N-[[3-(20chloro-6-fluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl]carbonyl]-glycinyl] Penilloic Acid is an impurity of Flucloxacillin (F419200), a new semisynthetic penicillin.
References Markovich, M., et al.: Antibiot. Med. Biotekhnol., 31, 603 (1986), Rahman, M., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 46, 1721 (1993), Silva, D., et al.: Med. Biol. Res., 37, 963 (2004),

Applications bis(Thiazol-5-ylmethyl) ((2R,5R)-1,6-Diphenylhexane-2,5-diyl)dicarbamate is an impurity of Cobicistat (C633150), a HIV protease inhibitor that has been coadministered with low-dose ritonavir (R535000) as a pharmacoenhancer.
References Von, H., Exp. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 5, 557 (2012); Lepist, E.I., et al.: Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother., 56, 5409 (2012); Orr, S.T.M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 55, 4896 (2012)

Applications Rapamycin (R124000) derivative, a triene macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Name derived from the native word for Easter Island, Rapa’Nui. Used as an immunosuppressant; antirestenotic. Sirolimus (INN/USAN), also known as rapamycin, is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation; it is especially useful in kidney transplants.
References Martel, P.R., et al.: Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 55, 48 (1977), Carlson, R.P., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 266, 1125 (1993), Kahan, B.D., et al.: Lancet, 356, 194 (2000), Holmes, D.R., et al.: Circulation, 109, 634 (2004),

Applications (S)-8,14-Dihydroxy Efavirenz, is a metabolite of Efavirenz (E425000), a nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Antiviral.
References Young, S.D., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 39, 2602 (1995),

Applications O-Ethyl Adefovir is an intermediate in the synthesis of Mono-POM Ethyl Adefovir (M567050), which is an analogue of the antiviral drug Adefovir (A247500) with a mono-POM ester protecting group.
References Starrett, J.E. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 37, 1857 (1994);

Applications 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoyl Chloride is used in the synthesis of penicillins and cephalosporins.
Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package
References Newall, C. et al.: Comp. Med. Chem., 2, 609 (1990); Kanao, M. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 25, 1358 (1982);

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications N-Acetyl-9-(acetylamino)-9-deoxyneuraminic Acid is a synthetic sialic acid analogue and the 9-acetamido derivative of N-Acetylneuraminic Acid (A187000). N-Acetyl-9-(acetylamino)-9-deoxyneuraminic Acid can be used by influenza C virus as a receptor determinant for attachment to cells. Modified erythrocytes containing N-Acetyl-9-(acetylamino)-9-deoxyneuraminic Acid were agglutinated by influenza C virus to the same titer as the 9-O-acetyl analogue but was shown to be resistant to cleavage by the viral acetylesterase.
References Herrler, G. et al.: Acta Histochem. Supp., 40, 39 (1990); Herrler, G. et al.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 216, 821 (1995); Herrler, G. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 267, 12501 (1992);

Applications 3-​Methoxy-​4-​methyl-​1H-​1,​2,​4-​triazol-​5(4H)​-​one Hydrate, is a Triazole (T767410) derivative that was used in microwave synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolone derivatives possessing antifungal activity. 3-​Methoxy-​4-​methyl-​1H-​1,​2,​4-​triazol-​5(4H)​-​one is also a key intermediate for sulfonylurea herbicides, such as flucarbazone.
References Su, J., Shang, Z.: Nongyao, 49, 563 (2010); Sun, N., et al.: BioMed Res. Int., 1 (2015);

Applications 2,5,7,8-Tetrahydroxy-1,4-Naphthalenedione have been synthesized and studied for antimicrobial and antifungal activities.
References Yakubovskaya, A. et al.: Pharma. Chem. J., 43, 396 (2009)

Applications 6-Methyl-4-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide is an intermediate of Dorzolamide Hydrochloride (D535100), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Antiglaucoma agent.
References Jiang, X., et. al.: Yingyong Huagong, 36, 1215 (2007); Lippa, E.A., et al.: Ophthalmology, 98, 308 (1991); Wang, R.-F., et al.: Arch. Ophthalmol., 109, 1297 (1991); Whikehart, D., et al.: J. Ocul. Pharmacol., 7, 195 (1991); Sjoquist, B., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 26, 745 (1998)

Applications A galactosylceramide derivative used in the treatment of influenza. PBS-57 has the ability to stimulate both a cell-mediated and humoral immune response. Co-administration of PBS-57 with a vaccine may be used in methods to stimulate one or more of a humoral immune response, a CD4+ T cell response, and a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response.
References Liu, Y., et al.: J. Immunol. Methods, 312, 34 (2006), Kamijuku, H., et al.: Mucosal Immunology, 1, 208 (2008), Kopecky-Bromberg, S; Vaccine, 27, 3766 (2009),

Applications 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)hydrazine Hyrochloride is the salt form of 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)hydrazine (C375525); a useful research reagent used in the preparation of halogen-substituted phenylhydrazine derivatives with antifungal properties.
References Usui, Y., et al.: Yakugaku Zasshi, 87, 43 (1967)

Applications 1-(4-(Aminomethyl)naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine is a potential impurity of Naftifine (N213100), an antimycotic allylamine. An antifungal (topical) agent.
References Georgopoulos, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 19, 386 (1981), Meingassner, J.C., et al.: J. Invest. Dermatol., 77, 444 (1981), Paltauf, F., et al.: Biochim Biophys. Acta, 712, 268 (1982), Aggarwal, D., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 56, 1509 (2004),

Applications Morphazinamide is an anti-tuberculosis agent. Also, it is derived from Pyrazinamide (P840600), which is an anti-bacterial (tuberculostatic).
References Gennaro, M. C., et al.: J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl., 754, 477-486 (2001); Weiner, I.M., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 180, 411 (1972), Feldner, E., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 12, 433 (1983)

Applications 4-​[3-Fluoro-​4-​(methoxycarbonyl)​phenyl]​-​1,​1-​dimethylethyl Ester 1-​Piperazinecarboxylic Acid is used in the binding envelope of cytochrome P 450 51 inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi with 4-aminopyridyl-based sulfonamide derivatives.
References Vieira, Debora F. et al., ChemBioChem. 8,1111-1120(2014);