Toxicologie

<p>Applications An impurity of Moxifloxacin (M745000).<br>References Tobin, C., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 42, 278 (1998),<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Desdecanoyl, N-(8-Me-decanoyl) Daptomycin is an impurity of Daptomycin (D193350), cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic derived from a fermentation product of Streptomyces roseosporus; disrupts plasma membrane function in gram-positive bacteria. Antibacterial.<br>References Allen, N.E., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31, 1093 (1987), Tully, F.P., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 8, 1223 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-​Fluoro-​3-​[(trimethylsilyl)​oxy]​-2-​pyrazinecarboxamide is an intermediate in synthesizing T-705RTP (T003210), a derivative of T-705 (F103350) which has activity against the lethal H5N1 influenza A viruses. T-705RTP which has the triphosphate group, gets strongly inhibited by the influenza virus RNA polymerase activity in comparison with T-705RMP (T003202).<br>References Yousuke, F., et al.: Antimicrob Agent Chemother., 49, 981 (2005); Kiso, M., et al.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107, 882 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Nitrophenyl 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-galactopyranoside 3-Benzoate is used in the synthesis of the o- and p-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside.<br>References Petitou, M., et al.: Carbohydrate Res., 42, 180 (1975),<br></p>

<p>Applications ((2R,5S)-5-(4-Amino-5-fluoro-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-1,3-oxathiolan-2-yl)methyl hydrogen ((((R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl)oxy)methyl)phosphonate is an impurity of Emtricitabine (E525000), a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is an effective antiviral agent against HIV, HBV, and other viruses replicating in a similar manner. A nucleoside analog structurally related to Lamivudine (L172500).<br>References FASEB J., 13, 1511 (1999), Molina, J.-M., et al.: J. InfecSchinazi, R.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 36, 2423 (1992), Shockeor, J.P., et al.: Xenobioica, 26, 189 (1996), Feng, J.Y., et al.: . Dis., 182, 599 (2000)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-[(1S,2S)-1-Ethyl-2-(phenylmethoxy)propyl]hydrazine is an impurity of Posaconazole (P689600), which is orally active triazole antifungal.<br>References Cacciapuoti, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44, 2017 (2000); Herbrecht, R., et al.: Int. J. Clin. Pract., 58, 612 (2004); Panackal, A., et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol., 44, 1740 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications N-Methylazetidin-3-amine Dihydrochloride is a useful reagent for synthesis of novel oxazine and thiazine ring-​fused tricyclic quinolonecarboxylic acids, which are good bactericides.<br>References Okada, T., et al.: J. Heterocycl. Chem., 28, 1067 (1991);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Lopinavir Impurity<br>Applications 4,5-Dehydro(pyrimidin-2(1H)-one) Lopinavir is an impurity of Lopinavir (L469480); a selective HIV protease inhibitor and antiviral. It is a COVID19-related research product.<br>References Sham, H.L., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 42, 3218 (1998); Kumar, G.N., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 27, 86 (1999); Murphy, R.L., et al.: Antiviral Ther., 4, Suppl. 3, 85 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 2-Chloroethyl benzoate (cas# 939-55-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 9-​(2-​Chloropropyl) Tenefovir is an impurity of Tenofovir (T018500). Tenofovir is an acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analogue and reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is used as an anti-HIV agent. Antiviral.<br>References Shaw, J.-P., et al.: Pharm. Res., 14, 1824 (1997); Wyles, D., et al.: Clin Infect. Dis., 40, 174 (2005), Peng, J., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 46, 265 (2006), Seminari, E., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 60, 831 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Chloro-6-(1,1-dibromoethyl)-5-fluoropyrimidine is impurity of Voriconazole(V760000). Voriconazole is an antifungal (systemic). An ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor.<br>References Sanati, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 41, 2492 (1997),<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Acetylbenzenesulfonamide is a useful synthetic intermediate, and is also part of a group of sulfonamide derivatives that have potential to be carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.<br>References Carotti, A., et al.: Quant. Struct.-Act. Rel., 8, 1 (1989); Singh, P., et al.: Org. Chem.: An Indian Journal, 4, 540 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Entecavir EP Impurity C<br>Applications 8-Hydroxy Entecavir is an impurity of Entecavir (E558900), an oral antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection.<br></p>

<p>Applications Denatonium Benzoate Hydrate is a stimulant of the bitter taste receptors which allows for maintenance of the airways. Bronchodilator.<br>References Langtry, H.D., et al.: Drugs, 56, 273 (1998); Desphamde, D. et al.: Nat Med., 16, 1299 (2010); Meyerhof, W. et al.: Chem. Senses., 35, 157 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-4-(2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamido) Emtricitabine O-2,2,2-Trifluoroacetic Anhydride is an intermediate used in the synthesis of Emtricitabine Triphosphate Triethylammonium Salt (E525075), which is a metabolite of (-)-Emtricitabine (E525000).<br>References Barditch-Crovo, P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45, 2733 (2001); Ray, A., et al.: Antivir .Ther., 10, 451 (2005); Borroto-Esoda, K., et al.: Antivir. Ther., 11, 377 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications (4S)-Efavirenz 2-Desoxo-2-methyl is an analog of Efavirenz (E425000); a nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor and antiviral agent.<br>References Young, S.D., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 39, 2602 (1995)<br></p>

<p>Applications o-Carbomethoxybenzyl Sulfonamide is a useful reactant in organic synthesis.<br>References Jiang, Lin, et al.: Youji Huaxue, 26(2), 203-206 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-((S)-4-(((2R,5R)-1,6-Diphenyl-5-(((thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl)amino)hexan-2-yl)amino)-3-(3-((2-isopropylthiazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-methylureido)-4-oxobutyl)morpholine 4-Oxide is an impurity of Cobicistat (C633150), a HIV protease inhibitor that has been coadministered with low-dose ritonavir (R535000) as a pharmacoenhancer.<br>References Von, H., Exp. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 5, 557 (2012); Lepist, E.I., et al.: Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother., 56, 5409 (2012); Orr, S.T.M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 55, 4896 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications U 75875, is a peptidomimetic inhibitor, that inhibits HIV-1 gag-pol protein. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in a continuous cell line, U-75875 completely blocked HIV replication, so it can be used as therapeutic potential of protease inhibitors for treatment of HIV infection.<br>References Ashorn, P., et al.: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87, 7472 (1990);<br></p>

<p>Applications 7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetyl]amino]-cefixime is a cefixime impurity. Cefixime (C242800) is an orally active, third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Kamimura, T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 25, 98 (1984),Yamanaka, H., et al.: J. Antibiot., 38, 1738 (1985), Guay, D.R.P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 30, 485 (1986),<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl-2,2,2-d3 Alcohol: Most ethyl alcohols are used in alcoholic beverages in suitable dilutions. Other uses are as solvents in laboratory and industry , in the manufacture of denatured alcohol, pharmaceuticals, in perfumery, in organic synthesis. Used as antiseptic.<br>References Wiberg, G.S., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 16, 718 (1970), Brown, N.A., et al.: Science, 206, 573 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Applications A di-substituted cyclohexane carboxylic acids used in the synthesis of macrolide antibiotics.<br>References Goss, R.J. et al.: Org. Biomol. Chem., 4, 5071 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5,7-Dichloro-4-hydroxyquinoline is an intermediate in synthesizing Quinoxyfen-d4 (Q765502), an isotope labelled Quinoxyfen acts as an agricultural fungicide.<br>References Corrales, M., et al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 3471 (2010); Lagunas-Allue, L., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 398, 1509 (2010); Wong, J., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 5897 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4’-epi-Entecavir-di-o-benzyl ether is an impurity of Entecavir (E558900) which is an oral antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection.<br>References Honkoop, P., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 12, 683 (2003), Chang, T.-T., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 354, 1001 (2006),<br></p>