Antibiotiques

Nalidixic acid sodium salt is a sodium salt form of nalidixic acid with similar action and applications as nalidixic acid.

Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.

Methacycline HCl is a tetracycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.

9-Erythromycin 9-oxime is an activty inpurity, binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria.

Monensin sodium is a polyether antibiotic with action on ion transport across bacterial cell membranes and is used for preventing coccidiosis and improving feed efficiency in livestock.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide

Cefsulodin sodium salt is a beta lactam antibiotic in the third-generation cephalosporin family that inhibits penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Membrane-disrupting agent

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; streptogramin

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside

Puromycin is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Puromycin resistance gene (pac) is a common choice for the selection of mammalian cells since its first application in 1988, especially for therapeutic proteins in mammalian cells where it was used to produce high levels of protein of interest. Puromycin can also be used as a selection marker for Archea.

Validamycin A is an antibiotic and fungicide with action as a trehalase inhibitor, disrupting carbohydrate metabolism in fungi and is used for controlling fungal diseases like sheath blight in rice and damping-off in cucumbers.

Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit ATPase activity and is used for treating staphylococcal infections and research on DNA replication.

Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.

Inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; immunosuppressant

Fluoroquinolone; gyrase inhibitor

Inhibits chaperone protein HSP90; anti-proliferative; antineoplastic

Kanamycin sulfate is a water-soluble antibiotic. Genes encoding kanamycin resistance are commonly used as selection markers in molecular biology .It acts during the translation mechanism in prokaryotic ribosomes to avoid bacterial cell growth.

Teicoplanin is related to vancomycin and has similar effects against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes, and usually requires less frequent administration than vancomycin, but it is less efficient against S. haemolyticus. Due its size and polarity, teicoplanin can’t pass through the membrane of gram-negative bacteria thus it is not active against them. It is used to treat severe infections such as septicemia, endocarditis, bone and joint infections.

Valinomycin is an ionophore antibiotic with action on potassium ion transport across cell membranes and is used for research on ion transport and as an antimicrobial agent.

Rifaximin is a rifamycin antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription and is used for treating travelers' diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy.

Olaquindox is a quinoxaline derivative antibiotic with action on bacterial growth suppression in the gut and is used for promoting growth and controlling bacterial infections in livestock.

Phleomycin HCl is an antibiotic compound derived from *Streptomyces verticillus*, which is known for its robust DNA-cleaving activity. As an antibiotic, it functions primarily by inducing breaks in DNA strands, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription processes. This mechanism of action is particularly effective in targeting rapidly dividing cells, making Phleomycin a valuable tool in molecular biology.

Enduracidin hydrochloride is an antimicrobial compound, which is a lipopeptide antibiotic derived from the genus Streptomyces, specifically Streptomyces fungicidicus or Streptomyces roseosporus. The compound exerts its antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, primarily targeting the lipid II cycle, a critical precursor in the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. This inhibition disrupts the construction of peptidoglycan layers, ultimately leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.

Isepamicin sulfate - 70% is a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from naturally occurring antibiotic compounds through chemical modifications. Its mode of action involves binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, disrupting protein synthesis and consequently causing bacterial cell death. This mechanism of action is typical of aminoglycosides, characterized by their bactericidal properties against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative bacteria, with some efficacy against certain Gram-positive bacterial strains.

Lincomycin is active against gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, diphtheria bacillus, and clostridia. It is used to treat severe bacterial infections including: sepsis, osteomyelitis, septic endocarditis, pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, infected wounds, purulent meningitis and severe pseudomembranous colitis. Lincomycin is an alternative antibiotic for penicillin-resistant gram-positive bacteria.

Sulopenem is a thiopenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

Sulfadoxine is a long-acting sulfonamide antibiotic with action on bacterial folate synthesis inhibition and is used for treating malaria in combination with pyrimethamine.