Glycosciences

<p>Alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) derivative with a hydrophilic exterior and lipophilic cavity (smaller than β-CDs and γ-CDs) to allocate certain guest molecules. This structural characteristic enables applications in molecular encapsulation, solubility enhancement, and stabilization across multiple industries. In pharmaceuticals, it serves as a drug delivery vehicle, enhancing the bioavailability and stability of active ingredients. The food industry utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, as well as a functional ingredient for its effects on lipid metabolism. In cosmetics, it acts as a complex agent for fragrances and active components. Its applications extend to analytical chemistry for chiral separation and to materials science for developing smart materials and nanosystems.</p>

<p>β-(1→2)-Oligomannoside constituents of the Candida albicans cell wall have been shown to possess immunostimulatory properties, as evidenced by induction of cytokine production, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, in humans and mice. In particular, oligosaccharide fractions, isolated and fractionated from the C. albicans cell wall, have been shown to induce TNF production in mouse macrophages. Therefore, biological studies employing well-defined synthetic β-(1→2)-linked oligomannoside compounds are of interest for verifying and studying in detail the proposed immunostimulatory properties of such constructs.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl amine (A2DG) is a diagnostic marker for juvenile idiopathic polyarteritis nodosa. This molecule is an intermediate in the synthesis of the carbohydrate, heparin. The A2DG assay measures concentrations of this metabolite in plasma samples and can be used to diagnose vasculitis and other inflammatory diseases. Novartis has developed a metabolite profiling technique that uses mass spectrometry to identify molecules present in cell culture or plasma samples. This technique has been used to measure levels of A2DG metabolites in patients with vasculitis, including juvenile idiopathic polyarteritis nodosa.</p>

<p>2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride is a halide with the chemical formula of F. It has an axial conformation and is a crystalline solid at room temperature. 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride reacts with water to form hydrofluoric acid (HF). This compound is an important reagent in carbohydrate analysis because its presence or absence can be used to distinguish between the two anomers of maltose: α-(1→2) and β-(1→4). It also reacts with sodium chloride to give the chloride salt sodium tetrafluoroborate. The molecule has three substituents: a hydroxymethyl group (-OH), a glycosidic oxygen atom (O), and a glucosyl group (-CHO). Watanabe's numbering system for</p>

<p>Starting material for chiral-pool based organic synthesis</p>

<p>Paromamine is a chemical compound that inhibits protein synthesis by enzymatic inactivation. It has been shown to have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Paromamine also has the ability to inhibit bacterial growth at high salt concentrations, making it an attractive candidate for development as an oral antibiotic drug. Paromamine is synthesized from natural products, such as salicylaldehyde or phenylhydrazine, which are readily available and inexpensive. The reaction mechanism for the formation of paromamine starts with dehydration of the hydroxyl group on the hydrazine to form a carbonyl group. This carbonyl group reacts with sephadex g-100 to form a cyanohydrin. The cyanohydrin reacts with ammonia to form an amide bond between the two nitrogen atoms in the molecule, which forms paromamine.</p>

<p>A uronic acid analogue of galactose</p>

<p>Laminaran is a polysaccharide that co-occurs with fucoidan and alginate in brown seaweeds such as Laminaria digitata, Laminaria cloustoni, Eisenia bicyclis and Thallus laminariae. It is a β-1,3-linked glucan which it is claimed stimulates the immune system in mammals and fish.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>Methyl (phenyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-1-thio-b-D-glucopyranoside)uronate is a synthetic glycosylation product. It is the methyl ester of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzylated glucuronic acid. This product can be used for the modification of polysaccharides and saccharides with click chemistry. The synthesis of this compound can be customized to meet your needs.</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 3,4-di-O-benzyl-2,6-di-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-a-D -mannopyranoside is a synthetic glycoside that can be custom synthesized to order. It is considered to be of high purity with a CAS number 58314−10−1. This product has been fluorinated and glycosylated and is synthetically produced. 4MPBP has the following modifications: methylation, modification, and glycosylation. 4MPBP is an oligosaccharide that is composed of saccharides and a complex carbohydrate.</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-(3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-4-O-levulinoyl-2-phthalimido-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-tert butyldimethylsilyl 3,O benzyl 2 deoxy 2 phthalimido b D glucopyranoside is a custom synthesis of a synthetic oligosaccharide. This glycosylation product is soluble in water and has CAS No. of 81238.</p>

<p>1-Deoxytagatose is a fluorescent ketone that can be used as a chemical probe for the detection of protein synthesis. The fluorescence properties of 1-deoxytagatose are well suited for use as a marker in fluorometric assays and it has been used to measure ketone bodies in urine. The mechanism of 1-deoxytagatose is not fully understood, but it has been found to react with phosphate groups and form a phosphoric acid derivative.</p>

<p>N-Glycolylneuraminic acid-OVA is a custom synthesis that is an Oligosaccharide. It is Polysaccharide and Modification, saccharide, Methylation, Glycosylation, Click modification, Carbohydrate, sugar. The product has a CAS No., has a purity of ≥ 95%, and is Fluorination, Synthetic.</p>

<p>Hesperetin 7-O-b-D-glucuronide is a metabolite of hesperetin, a flavonoid primarily sourced from citrus fruits. This compound is formed through the glucuronidation process, a metabolic pathway that modifies hesperetin to enhance its solubility and facilitate its excretion from the human body. Hesperetin 7-O-b-D-glucuronide exerts biological effects through various modes of action, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. It is thought to scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting specific enzymes and cytokines.In scientific research, Hesperetin 7-O-b-D-glucuronide is studied for its potential therapeutic applications, particularly its role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases. It has garnered attention in the context of cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, and metabolic disorders. The exploration of its bioavailability and specific interactions at the molecular level continues to provide insights into its promising applications in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Researchers investigate its efficacy and safety to better understand its potential role in disease prevention and therapy.</p>

<p>Inulin is a prebiotic dietary fibre with a mildly sweet taste that promotes digestive health by supporting growth of healthy and balanced microbiota. In diagnostics, inulin is used for determining the glomerular filtration rate in functional kidney testing. Chemically, inulin is a chain of fructose molecules terminated at the reducing end with glucose. Thus, inulin is a fructan consisting of linear chains of β-(2,1) linked fructose residues, terminated at the reducing end by an α-D-(1,2)-glucopyranoside moiety.  It has a degree of polymerization typically between 2 and 60 (5). The β-(2,1) bond in inulin resists digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and is therefore responsible for its lower caloric value and beneficial effects on colon microbiota. A more functional form of inulin is produced by removing all fractions with chain lengths lower than 10.</p>

<p>D-Galactosamine-1-phosphate is a precursor of UDP-glucose and is used in the synthesis of fatty acids. D-Galactosamine-1-phosphate is synthesized by the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, which catalyzes the reaction between UDP and D-galactose. It is expressed in strains that have been engineered to produce recombinant proteins. This product can be produced in vitro by a number of methods, including enzymatic or chemical synthesis. The enzyme activity of D-galactosamine 1 phosphate synthase is temperature dependent, with optimal activity at 40°C. This product has been shown to inhibit hepatitis virus production and lipid formation in vitro.</p>

<p>A fucan sulphate found in brown marine algae (Phaeophyta-typically Fucus vesiculotus, Ascophyllum nodosum (illustrated), Alaria and Cladosiphon) and has been shown to have anticoagulant activity. The main constituents are α-1,4 and α-1,2 linked L-fucose sulphates although galactose also occurs and there are many variations of the basic structure found in different species of Phaeophyta.Molecular weight cut off at 300kDa.The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-erythronolactone is a chromophore that has been synthesised. It is a chiral heterocycle with an anion linker and a boron trifluoride etherate group. The carbon chain of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-erythronolactone has been found to be essential for its antibacterial activity against tuberculosis. This compound binds to the adenosine receptor in the bacterial cell membrane and inhibits bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Benzyl β-L-arabinopyranoside is a Glycosylation, complex carbohydrate, Methylation, Click modification, Polysaccharide, Fluorination, CAS No. 7473-38-3 that can be synthesized in the lab and is available for custom synthesis. It is used in the synthesis of saccharides and other glycosylated natural products.</p>

<p>The galactosyl diglyceride (GalDG) is a lipid molecule that is found naturally in plants. The chemical formula for GalDG is C22H44O8 and it has a molecular weight of 464.36 g/mol. This lipid molecule is composed of two fatty acid chains, one glycerol molecule and one galactose molecule. It can be synthesized with the help of a transition metal catalyst and an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite. When heated to a temperature of about 200-250 degrees Celsius, the transformation process takes place which results in the conversion of the lamellar phase to the crystalline phase. The diffraction method was used to determine its crystal structure and it was found that this lipid molecule has a lamellar phase at room temperature but transforms into a crystalline phase when heated to 250 degrees Celsius. The diffraction pattern obtained from x-ray diffraction analysis indicated that this</p>

<p>Galactose from plant origin, animal free production</p>

<p>2-Amino-b-L-arabinofurano[1,2:4,5]oxazoline is a custom synthesis. It is a white to off-white powder with a molecular weight of 264.50 and a melting point of about 160°C. The purity of this compound is &gt;98% by HPLC analysis. This product has been modified with glycosylation, methylation, click modification, fluorination, saccharide modification, sugar modification, and oligosaccharide modification.</p>

<p>1-O-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-5-O-DMT-2-O-methyl-D-ribose 3-CE phosphoramidite is a methylated saccharide which can be used in the synthesis of polysaccharides. This product is custom synthesized and has high purity, with a CAS number of 138876-62-1. It is also fluorinated, and can be used for complex carbohydrate synthesis.</p>

<p>2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose 6-phosphate dipotassium is a fluorinated sugar that is used as a building block in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose 6-phosphate dipotassium can be modified to produce glycosylations, methylations, and click chemistry modifications. This product is sold as a custom synthesis and can be used for any desired modification.</p>

<p>Formononetin-b-D-glucuronide sodium salt is a synthetic compound that is commonly used as a building block in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Formononetin-b-D-glucuronide sodium salt is also known to be an inhibitor of human DNA polymerase alpha, which has been shown to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). Formononetin-b-D-glucuronide sodium salt has high purity, with a purity level of &gt;99%.</p>

<p>Emodin is a natural product that can be extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma aromatica, a chinese herb. It has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in animal studies and has been used as an adjuvant in the treatment of cervical cancer. Emodin also inhibits the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Emodin is also active against microbial infection, including bacterial infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and viral infections, such as influenza A virus. The main mechanism of action of emodin is its inhibition of DNA synthesis by binding to viral dna or bacterial rna polymerase. Emodin has also been found to inhibit protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes. This drug binds to urea nitrogen molecules in bacteria and disrupts their growth by inhibiting protein synthesis.</p>

<p>1,5-Di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribofuranose is a sugar that can be modified for various purposes. It is a synthetic sugar with a CAS number of 141979-56-8. The compound has fluoroquinolone resistance and is used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. This product can be custom synthesized. It has high purity and a modification of methylation or monosaccharide click modification. It also has complex carbohydrate properties.</p>

<p>2-O-b-D-glucopyranosylcucurbitacin E is a natural product that has been isolated from the roots of Cucurbita maxima. This compound has been shown to have bioactive properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The extract was tested on chronic cough patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The treatment group showed significant improvements in symptoms and bioactive phytochemical levels compared to the control group.<br>2-O-b-D-glucopyranosylcucurbitacin E is a white powder that is soluble in methanol and water but not in chloroform or ether. It can be analyzed by liquid chromatography, which separates the different components of a sample by passing it through a column filled with an adsorbent material that retains some components more than others.</p>

<p>2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde is an acetal protected glyceraldehyde building block for use in organic chemistry. The aldehyde group of 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde is left unprotected which allows for a range of reactions to be performed. These include aldol condensations, olefinations, Grignard reactions and imine formation, including reductive amination.</p>

<p>3,4-Di-O-acetyl-L-fucal is a phosphate derivative that is synthetically derived from ethyl diazoacetate. It has cytotoxic properties and is readily activated by phosphorylation to form the active form. 3,4-Di-O-acetyl-L-fucal has been shown to be effective against leukemia cells in vitro and may be useful as an adjuvant treatment for lymphocytic leukemia. 3,4-Di-O-acetyl-L-fucal also inhibits the growth of staphylococci in vitro, but it is not active against other bacteria such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The enantiomer of 3,4 Di O acetyl - L - fucal is inactive because it cannot be phosphorylated.</p>

<p>Apogossypol is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has been shown to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown that apogossypol inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, which are compounds that can cause inflammation. Apogossypol also has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in cancer cells, which is a programmed cell death process. Apogossypol may be useful as an anticancer agent due to its ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit inflammation in cancer cells.</p>

<p>2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose, also called 3-fluoro-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2,4,5-triol, can be added to the medium of primary cultured rat hepatocytes to inhibit N-glycosylation of proteins. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common antibody found in blood and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose modifies the galactosylation of the N-linked glycan in the IgG-Fc receptor.  We also have this product from a non-animal origin, MD71984.</p>

<p>4,6-O-Benzylidene-D-galactose is an anomer of D-galactose. It is a lectin that has been shown to inhibit the binding of amyloid beta to the cerebroside in the brain tissue. This activity may be due to its ability to form an amide bond with galactose, which is present in amyloid beta. 4,6-O-Benzylidene-D-galactose also has a coronary heart disease prevention effect and can help reduce cholesterol levels. Furthermore, it has been found to have anti-cancer properties and can help prevent the growth of cancerous cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. In addition, 4,6-O-Benzylidene-D-galactose can be used as a cationic surfactant or detergent composition for cleaning or treating surfaces.</p>

<p>L-Glucurono-3,6-lactone is an acetonide that is a derivative of L-glucose. L-Glucurono-3,6-lactone can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB).</p>

<p>Benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-a-D-glucopyranoside is a custom synthetic sugar that is modified with fluorination and methylation. It is used as a building block for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycosylations. This compound has been used in the synthesis of polysaccharides and saccharides.</p>

<p>Pustulan is a β-1,6-glucan isolated from Lasallia pustulata MW (20 kDa). It is recognized by the membrane bound Dectin-1, a C-type lectin-like pattern recognition receptor. Detection of β-glucans by Dectin-1 receptor leads to the CARD9-dependent activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases.  Studies have shown that pustulan can stimulate innate immune responses, inducing heat shock protein expression, eliciting phagocytosis, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-5-thio-D-glucose is a custom synthesis product. It is an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide that is modified with a fluorine atom in the 2 position of the sugar. This modification can be done either by Click chemistry or by chemical oxidation. The modification of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-5-thio-D-glucose makes it useful as a fluorescence probe for probes and as a fluorescent dye.</p>

<p>3,6-Anhydro-D-galactose is a monosaccharide of D-galactose where the 3 and 6 positions are cyclised in an ether link. 3,6-Anhydro-D-galactose is found naturally occurring in Rhodophyta (Red Algae) and is a constituent of the sulphated polysaccharide PLS, which has shown anti-inflammation activity and anti-nociceptive effects. In addition, sulphated polysaccharide is capable of inhibiting the in vitro replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HIV-1.<br>We also offer this product in 10% aqueous solution (MA07897).</p>

<p>Benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-b-D-glucopyranoside is a surfactant that is used in the measurement of polymers. It is soluble in water and has a low concentration. This surfactant can be used as a copolymer with terephthalate to form polyurethane foam. Benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene b -D -glucopyranoside also has high concentrations for sedimentation and sulfonate properties.</p>

<p>DL-Apiose, also known as D-apiose, is a carbohydrate that is found in the bark of the tree Dolichandrone. It can be synthesized from verbascoside, a product of the thermally and irradiation degradation of verbascoside. This compound has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. DL-Apiose has two stereoisomers: alpha and beta. Alpha-DL-apiose is an intramolecular hydrogen bond donor while beta-DL-apiose is an intramolecular hydrogen bond acceptor. The alpha form can be converted to the beta form by ring opening. The alpha form of this compound has a hydroxyl group at carbon 2 and the beta form does not have this group. The alpha form of DL-apiose is more soluble than the beta form and may be more biologically active than its counterpart.</p>

<p>3,4-Di-O-methyl-D-glucose is a partially protected glucose .It is found in the exudates of certain plants.</p>

<p>N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminitol is a fatty acid that is found in blood group antigens. It has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of human liver serine proteases, with an IC50 of 10 μM and a Ki value of 1.6 μM. N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminitol also inhibits the terminal steps in glycolysis and can be used as a substrate for glycosidases. It is capable of forming oligosaccharides with terminal residues and can be analyzed using titration calorimetry. The molecular weight of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminitol is calculated to be 398 Da by nmr spectroscopy. Structural analysis shows that this compound contains monoclonal antibodies and sugar residues, which are important for its function.</p>

<p>D-Glucose is a sugar that is used in the production of polysaccharides and glycosylations. It can be modified with fluorination, saccharide methylation, or glycosylation. D-Glucose can be synthesized by the custom synthesis of an oligosaccharide. This product has high purity, and is both monosaccharide and complex carbohydrate.</p>

<p>Ethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside is a natural sugar that is used in the food industry as a flavoring agent.</p>

<p>A sulfated GalNAc analogue</p>

<p>Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. It is the main storage form of glucose in the body.  In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in liver and muscle cells and functions as the second most important energy storage molecule to fat which is held in adipose tissue. Glycogen is analogous to starch and has a structure similar to amylopectin, but is more extensively branched and compact than starch. It occurs as granules in the cytosol/cytoplasm in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle.</p>

<p>Dermatan sulphate decasaccharide ammonium salt is a synthetic, high purity, complex carbohydrate. The CAS number for this product is 543-58-2. Dermatan sulfate decasaccharide ammonium salt is a complex carbohydrate that has been modified with a fluorine atom at the C1 position of the glucose monosaccharide and an acetyl group at the C4 position of the glucuronic acid monosaccharide. Click chemistry was used to introduce these modifications on the sugar molecule and it has been found to be stable in both acidic and alkaline conditions. This product can be customized for your specific needs, including fluorination, methylation, or glycosylation at any position.</p>

<p>2-C-Methyl- D- xylonic acid g- lactone is a monosaccharide that can be used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and complex carbohydrates. This compound is a fluorinated carbohydrate, which has been modified to include a methyl group at the C2 position. The chemical name for this compound is 2-C-Methyl-D-xylonic acid g-lactone and it has CAS No. 4983-92-1. This compound can be synthesized as a custom order and its purity exceeds 99%. Its synthesis can involve glycosylation or methylation, depending on the desired product.</p>

<p>2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-lyxofuranose is a synthetic disaccharide that is used as an antiinflammatory agent. It has been shown to inhibit the production of e-selectin, a protein that mediates inflammation by binding to cells in the vicinity of the site of injury. This compound has also been shown to inhibit diacetate formation from oxocarbenium ions and glycosidic linkage formation. 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-lyxofuranose may be synthesized via a Wittig reaction with phytosphingosine or wittig reaction with acetone.</p>

<p>Ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-b-L-thiofucopyranoside is a modified form of the sugar fucose. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of polysaccharides. Ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-b-L-thiofucopyranoside is used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides by methylation and click modification reactions. This compound has CAS number 127501-41-1 and can be found with a purity of &gt;99%.</p>