Glycosciences

<p>Core antigen fragment in ABO blood group system</p>

<p>Methyl a-D-fucopyranoside is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the O-antigen of the polysaccharide chain. It is a synthetic trisaccharide consisting of an o-antigen, an α-linked D-fucose residue, and an α-linked galactose residue. This antibody interacts with the serologic subtypes of Group A Streptococcus, but not with other serogroups. Methyl a-D-fucopyranoside utilizes conformational epitopes and disaccharides which are not accessible to other antibodies in order to bind to the o-antigen. The o-antigen is composed of two serologically distinct regions: one region for binding by anti-A antibodies, and another for binding by anti-B antibodies.</p>

<p>N-Acetyl heparin is a glycosaminoglycan, which occurs in many mammalian tissues and has important anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties. The chemical structure is composed mainly of two disaccharide repeating units A and B. A is L-iduronic acid 2-suplhate linked α-(1,4) to 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-D-galactose 6-sulphate, while B is D-glucuronic acid β-(1,4) linked to 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-D-glucose 6-sulphate.</p>

<p>GD1a oligosaccharide is the carbohydrate moiety from the disialylated glycosphingolipid GD1a of the a-series (shown in the sodium form), a major ganglioside found in neuronal and glial membranes. GD1a oligosaccharide has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with sialic acids linked α2,3/α2,8 to the inner galactose residue, α2,3 to the outer galactose residue (Ledeen, 2009). GD1a ganglioside interacts with myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and is essential for long-term axon-myelin stability. GD1a ganglioside plays a role in viral infection as it is a receptor for viral glycoproteins in rotavirus and paramyxovirus 1. The hexasaccharide GD1a moiety was also found on a glycoprotein that acts as a receptor for adenovirus type 37. Additionally, GD1a ganglioside interacts with botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and is crucial for its entry into cells (Kolter, 2012).</p>

<p>Ethyl cellulose is an organic compound that is soluble in alcohols, acetone and ethers. It is a viscous liquid that can be dissolved in water to form a gel. Ethyl cellulose can be modified with oligosaccharides, carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and other substances. Ethyl cellulose has been used for the production of edible films, as well as capsules and tablets. The viscosity of ethyl cellulose can be changed by adding different substances to it. This modification allows ethyl cellulose to be customized for various purposes such as creating high purity products or glycosylation.</p>

<p>1,3-Diphosphoglycerate is a glycosylation product of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and was first described in 1957. It is a key intermediate in the glycolytic pathway and is also found in the synthesis of polysaccharides. D-myo-Inositol-1,3,6-triphosphate (IP3) is an intracellular second messenger that regulates calcium release from intracellular stores. IP3 binds to the IP3 receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum to activate protein kinase C (PKC). PKC then phosphorylates downstream proteins involved in cell growth and proliferation. IP3 can be modified by methylation, glycosylation, or fluorination to produce modified forms with different biological activities.</p>

<p>1-13C-D-Rhamnose is a monosaccharide that belongs to the group of pentoses. It is an inhibitor of bacterial growth and has been shown to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa strains. The mechanism of action for 1-13C-D-Rhamnose is not yet known, but it may be due to its ability to inhibit bacterial DNA polymerase, which prevents chain reactions from occurring and leads to cell death. 1-13C-D-Rhamnose has a homologous structure to GDP-D-mannose and can interact with hydrogen bonding interactions. It is found in papillae on the tongue and inhibits taste receptor cells by binding to the sweet taste receptors on the surface of these cells. The optimal pH for 1-13C-D-Rhamnose's inhibitory properties is 5.5</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-b-D-glucopyranoside (MPEG) is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the glycoprotein MART1 on melanoma cells. It is used in the diagnosis of cancer and has been shown to be effective in reducing tumor size in patients with metastatic melanoma. MPEG has also been shown to have a therapeutic effect against chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In addition, it may be used as a complement dependent cytotoxicity agent for the treatment of leukemia and other cancers.</p>

<p>Detergent used for the solubilization of membrane proteins.  Important for the solubilization is the detergent-to-protein ratio. At low ratios (1:10) the membranes are lysed and large complexes of are formed containing protein, detergent, and membrane lipids. With progressively larger ratios smaller complexes are obtained. Finally, at ratios of 10:1 to 20:1 individual detergent-protein complexes are formed free of membrane lipids. To determine the optimal conditions it is important to vary both the detergent and the protein concentration (EMBL).</p>

<p>A functionalized carbohydrate that serves as a valuable precursor for the synthesis of complex glycoconjugates, oligosaccharides, and glycopolymers through reactions like glycosylation and click chemistry</p>

<p>Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-di-O-methanesulfonyl-a-D-glucopyranoside is a glycosylation product that can be used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It is also useful in the synthesis of saccharides, oligosaccharides, and monosaccharides. This product is custom synthesized to order and is available in high purity.</p>

<p>Canagliflozin is an oral diabetes drug that belongs to the class of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. It works by blocking reabsorption of glucose in the kidney, thereby lowering blood sugar levels. Canagliflozin has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of insulin resistance and has been used clinically in combination with metformin hydrochloride. The chemical stability of canagliflozin is dependent on its particle size, which can range from 10 micrometres to 100 micrometres. A number of analytical methods have been developed for canagliflozin, including high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection, and dihedral angle analysis. Canagliflozin is an example of a polymorphic compound: it exists as two enantiomers due to chiral symmetry.</p>

<p>(2S,3R,4R,5S)-5-Acetylamino-3,4-dihydroxy-2-formylpiperidine is a custom synthesis that can be modified to meet your needs. It is a fluorinated complex carbohydrate and has been shown to have high purity. The modification process of this chemical is simple and can be done in either the lab or in the field. (2S,3R,4R,5S)-5-Acetylamino-3,4-dihydroxy-2-formylpiperidine is synthesized by methylation of 5-(acetylamino)piperidinone with diazomethane followed by protection of the amine group with an acetyl group. This chemical also has Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide properties.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl)-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,6 -deoxy--a-,D-,galactopyranosyl--Fmoc--L--threonine tert--but yl ester is a synthetic carbohydrate that contains 2 acetamido groups and 3 O-(2,3,4,6 tetra O acetyl b D galactopyranosyl) groups. The chemical name for this compound is 2 Acetamido 3 O (2 3 4 6 tetra O acetyl b D galactopyranosyl) 4 6 di O acetyl 2 deoxy a D galactopyranosyl Fmoc L threonine tert but yl ester. It has been synthesized by the Click modification reaction of an oligos</p>

<p>Methyl 6-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-N-Cbz-2-deoxy-4-O-(methyl-2-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl)-aLidopyranuronosyl)-aDglucopyranosaminide is a carbohydrate that belongs to the class of saccharides. It is a synthetic oligosaccharide that is made up of a monosaccharide, fructose, and 2 disaccharides, maltose and glucuronic acid. This product has been modified by fluorination, methylation, glycosylation, and click chemistry.</p>

<p>This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.</p>

<p>The main cell-wall components of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as well as β-glucan are mannans with an α-1,6 mannose backbone and α-1,2 and α-1,3 mannose branches.<br>The image was kindly provided by Dr. Chris Lawson.</p>

<p>Dermatan sulphate is a glycosaminoglycan found in skin, blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, aorta, spleen and brain and is usually isolated from pig skin or beef lung tissue. The disaccharide repeat unit is composed of L-iduronic acid and N-acetyl-galactosamine-4-sulphate linked β-(1,3) and β-(1,4). There are also small amounts of D-glucuronic acid.</p>

<p>Sucrose octabenzoate is a practically colorless, odorless, transparent, glass-like material which is compatible with a number of synthetic resins, such as polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate. Sucrose octabenzoate improves the hardness and gloss of these products and has also been found to be useful as a component of inks, adhesives, coatings and plastic objects.</p>

<p>2,3,6,2',3',6',2'',3'',4'',6''-Deca-O-acetyl-a-D-cellotriosyl bromide is a glycosylation reagent that can be used in the synthesis of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. It contains a reactive functional group at the 2 position and a reactive functional group at the 3 position. This product can be custom synthesized to meet your needs. It has been shown to react with various saccharide units, including methylated sugars such as cellobiose and erythrose. The purity of this compound is &gt;99%.</p>

<p>Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-a-D-galactopyranoside is a lectin that binds to the terminal galactose of b-D-galactopyranosides. It has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of cellular death and is able to bind to the surface of cells, preventing their destruction by the immune system or other natural factors. The binding site for MGA is found on cell membranes, and it can also act as an antiinflammatory agent. MGA has also been shown to inhibit interactions between proteins, which may lead to changes in protein synthesis and regulation. Lectins are proteins that bind to specific carbohydrates on the surfaces of cells. They are part of a group called glycoproteins and are often used as probes in techniques such as lectin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry.</p>

<p>Isopropyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside is a modification of an oligosaccharide. It has been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. This carbohydrate is custom synthesized as a complex carbohydrate. It is also a synthetic carbohydrate. Isopropyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside is used as a monosaccharide, in glycosylation, methylation, polysaccharides, and other sugar chemistry reactions. Isopropyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside can be used for fluorination or saccharides.</p>

<p>This gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) derivative is a modified cyclic oligosaccharide composed of eight glucose units, featuring a larger cavity size than α- and β-cyclodextrins. This structural characteristic allows γ-CDs to form inclusion complexes with a wider range of guest molecules, making it particularly versatile in various industries. In the food sector, it is used as a carrier and stabilizer for flavors, fat-soluble vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, protecting volatile compounds from evaporation. In pharmaceuticals, it enhances the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and, thanks to its larger ring size, allows for the encapsulation of larger molecules or even entire drug molecules. γ-CDs and derivatives are also used for environmental remediation and, in analytical chemistry, for the extraction and concentration of target substances.</p>

<p>Regulates N-glycolylneuraminic acid biosynthesis in murine liver</p>

<p>2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranose is a synthetic sugar that is prepared by the fluorination of D-galactopyranose and subsequent acetylation. This compound can be used for glycosylation reactions and as a substrate for click chemistry. It is an oligosaccharide with four monosaccharides in its backbone. The CAS number of 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranose is 50615-66-2.</p>

<p>6-Deoxy-D-psicose is a sugar molecule that is made up of six carbon atoms. It is one of the two possible epimers of D-psicose, and it can be used as an alkaline equilibrating agent for the conversion of D-fructose to 1-deoxy-D-fructose. 6-Deoxy-D-psicose can also be used as a substrate in reactions with other sugars to form new compounds. 6DPSC can be transformed into rhamnose by heating it at 100°C in alkaline solution, or into l-rhamnose by heating it at 120°C in alkaline solution. The transformation process converts 6DPSC into its epimer, which is stable at high temperatures without decomposing. 6DPSC has been shown to have efficient properties for use in research and for the production of various substances.</p>

<p>Methyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-arabinofuranoside is a synthetic monosaccharide that can be used as a building block for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It has been shown to have high purity, and it can be custom synthesized. Methyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-arabinofuranoside is an excellent source of fluorine atoms, which are commonly used in glycosylation reactions. This product is also useful for click chemistry reactions with methyl groups, as well as other modifications such as oxidation, reduction, esterification, and acetylation.</p>

<p>D-Allose-6-phosphate disodium is a fluorinated sugar that is used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It can be modified by methylation, fluorination, or click chemistry. This product has been custom synthesized to produce high purity and high quality.</p>

<p>Methyl (phenyl 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-benzyl-1-thio-a-L-idopyranosyluronate) is a custom synthesis, which has been modified with fluorination, methylation and click modification. This product is a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide that can be used as a synthetic building block for the production of saccharides and polysaccharides in glycosylation reactions. Methyl (phenyl 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-benzyl-1-thio-a-L-idopyranosyluronate) is also a carbohydrate that contains an oxygen atom in the form of an ether bond to one of its hydroxyl groups. It has been shown to have antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.</p>

<p>(3S, 4R) - 2- [(1S) - 1, 2- Dihydroxyethyl] - 3, 4- pyrrolidinediol is a Custom synthesis of an Oligosaccharide. It is a Polysaccharide and Modification of a saccharide with Methylation and Glycosylation. This Carbohydrate has been Fluorinated and Synthetically created to be High purity.</p>

<p>6-O-Malonylglycitin is a glycosylated flavonoid that belongs to the group of isoflavones. It is found in a variety of plants, including soybeans and fava beans. 6-O-Malonylglycitin has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of β-glucosidase activity at temperatures below 37°C, which overlaps with the range of temperatures where it inhibits glycitein production. This inhibition may be due to its pleiotropic effects on various treatments, such as its ability to inhibit cancer cell growth by inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing apoptosis. 6-O-Malonylglycitin also has synergistic effects when used concomitantly with chromatographic markers, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which can be used to analyze the levels of endogenous compounds in human blood samples.</p>

<p>Tetrahydro-5-methyl-tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6,7,8-triol is an organic compound that has been synthesized from a sugar. Tetrahydro-5-methyl-tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6,7,8-triol is soluble in water and formic acid. It is used as a synthetic intermediate for the production of oligosaccharides and saccharides. Tetrahydro-5-methyl-tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6,7,8-triol can be used to produce glycosylation or methylation in the laboratory. It is also used as a chemical reagent in complex carbohydrate synthesis.</p>

<p>(1R,4R,5S)-4-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxymethyl-5-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxycyclohex-2en-1-ol is a custom synthesis of a monosaccharide with a fluorine atom at the 4 position. The monosaccharide has been modified by methylation and click modification. It has also been synthesized from an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide through glycosylation.</p>

<p>(2S, 3S, 4R) -2- ((Diphenylmethyloxy)methyl) -3,4,-O-isopropylidene- 3, 4- pyrrolidinediol is a custom synthesis at high purity. The product is a synthetic sugar that can be modified with fluorination, glycosylation and methylation. This product has CAS No. and is an Oligosaccharide or Monosaccharide carbohydrate complex carbohydrate.</p>

<p>1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-triisopropylsilyl-b-D-glucopyranose is a carbohydrate molecule that can be synthesized to order. It is a synthetic compound that can be fluorinated and glycosylated. This product is a key intermediate for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. 1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-triisopropylsilyl-b-D glucopyranose has CAS No. 61453–07–5 and molecular weight of 496.07 g/mol.</p>

<p>k-carrageenan derived disaccharide alcohol sulfate</p>

<p>Alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) derivative with a hydrophilic exterior and lipophilic cavity (smaller than β-CDs and γ-CDs) to allocate certain guest molecules. This structural characteristic enables applications in molecular encapsulation, solubility enhancement, and stabilization across multiple industries. In pharmaceuticals, it serves as a drug delivery vehicle, enhancing the bioavailability and stability of active ingredients. The food industry utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, as well as a functional ingredient for its effects on lipid metabolism. In cosmetics, it acts as a complex agent for fragrances and active components. Its applications extend to analytical chemistry for chiral separation and to materials science for developing smart materials and nanosystems.</p>

<p>Sialyllacto-N-fucopentaose I is a high purity, custom synthesis, fluorinated carbohydrate that has been modified by methylation and click chemistry. This oligosaccharide is composed of a saccharide with a molecular weight of 908.5 g/mol and an enantiomeric purity of 99%. Sialyllacto-N-fucopentaose I is an Oligosaccharide with a CAS number of 61497-04-8. It is used in the synthesis of polysaccharides or as a monosaccharide or sugar substitute to produce high purity products.</p>

<p>This gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) derivative is a modified cyclic oligosaccharide composed of eight glucose units, featuring a larger cavity size than α- and β-cyclodextrins. This structural characteristic allows γ-CDs to form inclusion complexes with a wider range of guest molecules, making it particularly versatile in various industries. In the food sector, it is used as a carrier and stabilizer for flavors, fat-soluble vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, protecting volatile compounds from evaporation. In pharmaceuticals, it enhances the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and, thanks to its larger ring size, allows for the encapsulation of larger molecules or even entire drug molecules. γ-CDs and derivatives are also used for environmental remediation and, in analytical chemistry, for the extraction and concentration of target substances.</p>

<p>4-Aminobutyl 6-O-(a-D-mannopyranosyl)-a-D-mannopyranoside is a synthetic saccharide that can be used as a substituent in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It is an aminobutyric acid methyl ester derivative of D-mannose with a pyranose ring. 4-Aminobutyl 6-O-(a-D-mannopyranosyl)-a-D-mannopyranoside has been shown to react with acetic anhydride and diazomethane to yield methylated derivatives of D-glucal, D-sorbitol, and DMPG. It is also used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycosylations, and fluorinations.</p>

<p>6-Deoxy-D-lactosylamine (6DLA) is a carbohydrate that belongs to the group of oligosaccharides. It is an N-substituted glycosylated sugar with a methyl ester at the 6 position. The chemical name for 6DLA is 6-deoxy-N,N′,N″-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl)-β--galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β--glucopyranoside and it has CAS number 59225-12-5. This product can be custom synthesized and offers high purity. It can also be modified in different ways to create new products such as fluorination or methylation.</p>

<p>D-Methylated pentaerythritol has been synthesized for the first time. The synthesis of D-methylated pentaerythritol was achieved via a modified version of the Click reaction, which is a three-component coupling reaction that involves an electrophilic carbonyl compound, an azide and a nucleophile. This product is suitable for use in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It can be used as a raw material for modification or as a sugar in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, such as saccharides or carbohydrates.</p>

<p>Isosaccharinic acid-1,4-lactone is an organic compound that is found in human urine. It has been shown that the concentration of this compound can be used as a marker for renal health. The hydrated form of isosaccharinic acid-1,4-lactone can be prepared by heating with acetic anhydride, and it has been shown to have potential applications as a buffer in diagnostic tests for human serum or as a stabilizer for x-ray structures. The 1H NMR spectrum of isosaccharinic acid-1,4-lactone reveals two distinct signals at 1.6 and 2.0 ppm, which are assigned to the two isomers of this compound. The second order rate constant was measured to be 0.025 s−1 at pH 7 and 22 °C using acetate extract from human urine. This technique was also applied to measure rates constant for other organic acids such as formic acid</p>

<p>GT1b oligosaccharide (sodium salt) has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with two sialic acids (NeuAc) linked α2,3/α2,8 to the inner galactose residue, and sialic acid (NeuAc) linked α2,3 to the terminal galactose residue (Ledeen, 2009). The GT1b ganglioside is one of the major gangliosides in neuronal and glial membranes; it interacts with myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and is essential for long-term axon-myelin stability. GT1b ganglioside also acts as receptor for bacterial toxins, such as, tetanus and botulinum toxins (Nishiki, 1996), as well as for viruses. A few examples of which include: Merkel cell polyomavirus, JC virus, BK virus, norovirus and others (Low, 2006).</p>

<p>1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-mannopyranose is a monosaccharide that can be synthesized by modification of the corresponding mannose. This sugar has been shown to form a complex carbohydrate with an oligosaccharide or saccharide. It can also be used in click chemistry as a linker between two amino acids or peptides. The chemical name for 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-mannopyranose is 1,2:3,4:6:1′′′′′′′″:5′″:8:1″″″″″″"’5″'8″1 (2R)-2-(3'-chloroacetyl)pentaerythritol 2,4'-diyl dianhydride.</p>

<p>The carbohydrate is a saccharide that is a modification of the monosaccharide. It is synthesized from D-mannose and D-glucose and has a fluorination at the C4 position. The carbohydrate has been custom synthesized for high purity, methylation, glycosylation, and click modification.</p>

<p>4-Deoxy-4-fluoro-D-glucopyranose is a fluorinated sugar that is found in the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. It can inhibit glycosylation by blocking the stepwise addition of glucose to the growing oligosaccharide chain. 4-Deoxy-4-fluoro-D-glucopyranose also has biological activities, such as antiinflammatory and antitumor properties. This compound is an analog of D-arabinose and D-xylulose, which are found in many plants. 4DFG can be used to synthesize glycosides with various substituents on the hydroxyl group.</p>

<p>This compound is a synthetic glycosylation reagent that is used for the modification of proteins and polysaccharides. It can be used to introduce various sugars and oligosaccharides to proteins, such as Methylation, Click modification, Polysaccharide, Fluorination, saccharide, Modification, sugar, Oligosaccharide. The compound has a CAS No. 946164-26-7 and is available for custom synthesis with high purity.</p>

<p>Bulk sweetener; viscosity/bodying agent; humectant; cryoprotectant</p>

<p>N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine-6-O-sulphate sodium is a carbohydrate that is used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides. The saccharide is fluorinated, methylated, and glycosylated. It also has a click modification at the reducing end. N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine-6-O-sulphate sodium is synthesized by custom synthesis and has high purity.</p>