Antiviraux

<p>Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; antiviral agent against HIV</p>

<p>Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside-based reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1. It inhibits the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase by binding to its active site. In certain cell culture assays, Efavirenz showed great efficiency when inhibiting wild-type HIV-1 replication. In the treatment of HIV, Efavirenz has been studied in combination with Emtricitabine and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for ease of administration in some clinical studies. Recent in vitro cell studies indicated Efavirenz is a potential treatment for pancreatic, prostate and triple-negative breast cancers due to its cytotoxicity against cancer cells.Efavirenz is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>EIDD 2801 is an orally bioavailable prodrug of β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine and was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells. EIDD 2801 was also tested in mice infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses. EIDD 2801 targets the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and reduces virus titer and improved pulmonary function in experimental animals when used in prophylactic and therapeutic regime.</p>

<p>**Ivermectin 8α-hydroperoxide** is a derivative of the antiparasitic agent ivermectin, which is synthesized through chemical modification. Ivermectin originally derives from the fermentation products of the bacterium *Streptomyces avermitilis*. The modification to form 8α-hydroperoxide involves the addition of a hydroperoxide group, potentially altering its biological properties.</p>

<p>Filociclovir is a novel antiviral agent, which is synthesized from small-molecule pharmaceutical compounds. It functions primarily by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, thereby halting viral replication within infected host cells. This mechanism of action is particularly effective against certain herpesviruses, as it targets the polymerase enzyme that is critical for viral DNA synthesis and proliferation.</p>

<p>Ganciclovir is an acyclovir analog that is used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus and herpetic keratitis of the eye. This drug is a DNA polymerase inhibitor and exhibits its anti-viral properties by inhibiting viral replication.</p>

Inhibitor of viral neuraminidase enzyme, effective against influenza A and B viruses. This antiviral compound inhibits neuraminidase-mediated cleavage of host cell sialic acids, which interact with newly synthesised virions from the host cell. This prevents virion budding from the host, resulting in inhibition of virion release and viral infection overall.

<p>Inhibitor of hepatitis C viral enzyme NS3-4A serine protease</p>

<p>Raltegravir is an antiretroviral agent that is used for the treatment of HIV infections. It inhibits HIV integrase in order to prevent viral genome from being inserted into the human genome. It binds to the active site of the enzyme and prevents it from binding to a target sequence on the viral DNA. This drug is metabolized by glucuronidation.</p>

Chemically derived from ritonavir, Lopinavir belongs to the amphetamines. Lopinavir is clinically used in the prevention and treatment of HIV infections as it acts as HIV-1 protease inhibitor. In 2020, lopinavir was tested to treat COVID-19 patients and although it led to a higher rate of gastrointestinal side effects, the Lopinavir-treated group had a lower incidence of severe complications. Overall it was deemed not to work as a treatment.

<p>Darunavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor used orally in the treatment of patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection (Ghosh, 2007). It has also been shown to be effective against other infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus and SARS coronavirus. Metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, darunavir is often administered together with ritonavir that prolongs its bioavaiability, giving a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15 hours (Back, 2008). The effect of darunavir on natural compounds such as matrix proteins and toll-like receptor activity has also been studied via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments.</p>

<p>Lamivudine (commonly called 3TC) is a potent nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is one of the front line treatments for HIV.  It is an analogue of cytidine, and can inhibit both types (1 and 2) of HIV reverse transcriptase as well as the reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B. It needs to be phosphorylated to its triphosphate form before it is active.</p>

<p>Saquinavir is a HIV protease inhibitor drug that is used with other antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV-1. As this drug prevents HIV protease activity, it prevents the proteolysis of the Gag polyprotein and thus results in non-infectious virus particles.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor</p>

Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue that is used to treat leukaemia especially, non-lymphocytic leukaemia. This drug also has anti-viral and immunosuppressant properties. Cytarabine is cytotoxic and acts through direct DNA damage. Although its mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is said to inhibit DNA polymerase.

<p>Baloxavir marboxil is a selective inhibitor of the cap-dependent endonuclease of RNA polymerase, an acidic protein in influenza A and B viruses. In patients, baloxavir marboxil reduces the time to recovery by alleviating the symptoms of the influenza A and B infection, in both adults and children.</p>

<p>Triazavirin is an antiviral drug developed against SAR-CoV-2. The action of triazavirin might be due to its ability to inhibit the Mpro protease from SARS viruses. Triazavirin has been clinically tested in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; NS5A protein inhibitor</p>

<p>Anti-viral; NS3/4A protease inhibitor_x000D_</p>

<p>HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor is an antiretroviral compound with a mode of action that blocks the viral enzyme integrase, preventing the integration of viral DNA into the host genome. It is used for the treatment of HIV infection.</p>