Nucléotides

5-Fluorocytidine (5FC) is an antiviral drug that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. 5FC is a prodrug that is converted to cytosine in vivo, and then incorporated into viral DNA by polymerase chain reactions. The incorporation of 5FC into viral DNA prevents replication and transcription, which can lead to the death of cells infected with HIV. In addition, 5FC has been shown to be effective in treating chronic viral hepatitis and bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease. It also has potential use as a drug target for cancer treatments.
5FC has been shown to inhibit transcription activators in murine hepatoma cells and inhibit the growth of tumors in transfection experiments using human colon cancer cells. This antiviral agent has also been shown to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Clostridium difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faec

Orotidine is a decarboxylase inhibitor. It inhibits the enzyme that converts orotate to uridine and the enzyme that converts orotate to decarboxylase. Orotidine has been shown to inhibit the growth of opportunistic fungal organisms and may be useful in treating infections caused by these pathogens. Orotidine is an analytical method for measuring the activity of orotidase, which catalyzes conversion of orotate to uridine. The enzyme form of orotidase found in human erythrocytes is very sensitive to inhibition by picolinic acid, which is used as a substrate for this reaction.

2'-Deoxyinosine is an antimicrobial peptide that has been shown to have potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. 2'-Deoxyinosine binds to the 3′-hydroxyl group of nucleic acid, preventing DNA replication and transcription. This binding also prevents ribosomal RNA from binding to the ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. 2'-Deoxyinosine has been detected using a highly sensitive optical sensor and can be used as a model system for studying the interaction between dsDNA duplexes and other biomolecules. The pharmacokinetic properties of this molecule have been determined in rats by measuring its concentration in serum over time after injection. These data were then used to determine the amount of 2'-deoxyinosine that was needed to inhibit bacterial growth in water samples.

a-Thymidine is a thymidylate analog that is used as an anti-HIV drug. It is the L-enantiomer of thymidine, which is a nucleoside base in DNA. The biological effects of a-thymidine are due to its ability to be incorporated into DNA and act as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme protein synthesis. It also has been shown to have antiviral properties against herpes simplex virus type 1 and hepatitis B virus.

Also known as AMT, this is a catabolite of the nucleoside analog zidovudine (AZT), a drug used to treat HIV infection.

5-Chloro-2'-deoxyuridine is a nucleoside analog that inhibits DNA synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme thymidylate synthetase. It has been used for the treatment of bladder cancer and may also be beneficial in treating other cancers such as colon cancer. 5-Chloro-2'-deoxyuridine is taken up from the intestine by cells, where it is converted to thymidine monophosphate and then to thymidine diphosphate, which inhibits DNA synthesis by interfering with cell division. The mechanism of action is similar to that of cytosine arabinoside, but it does not require activation by intracellular enzymes. 5-Chloro-2'-deoxyuridine can cause cell lysis and can inhibit protease activity during cell culture, which makes it a useful tool for purifying proteins or peptides. The drug has been shown to be an analog of cytosine arabinos

AMP plays a crucial role in cellular metabolic processes, including the synthesis of RNA and the regulation of enzymes like AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

5-Azidouridine is used for nucleotide labelling and promptly reacts via a click reaction with a terminal alkyne or cyclooctyne conjugated to a reporter (fluorophore or biotine). The formed labelled nucleotide has a stable triazole linker. 5-Azidouridine has been used in living cell fluorescent imaging of cancer cells.

Thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a cofactor in the production of ATP, and is also used as a reagent for determining the activity of dehydrogenases. It is produced by the oxidation of thionocinamide ribonucleotide, which is synthesized from dihydroxyacetone phosphate and phosphoric acid.
Thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binds to NADP+, which acts as a hydrogen acceptor, and transfers two electrons to it. The nadph then donates an electron to the dehydrogenase, which converts a substrate into its product in a redox reaction.

N4-Methylcytidine is a member of the group P2. Its chemical structure consists of two nitrogen atoms, one carbon atom, and four hydrogen atoms. It is a nucleoside analogue that inhibits synthesis of human mitochondrial DNA by inhibiting bacterial enzyme uridine-cytidine kinase, which converts uridine to cytidine in the mitochondria. N4-Methylcytidine has been shown to be potent against viruses such as HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in cell culture studies. This antiviral effect is due to the interference with viral dna replication and protein synthesis by preventing incorporation of uracil into dna and ribosomal RNA.

Anti-viral; reverse transcriptase inhibitor