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2-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-galactopyranoside is a carboxymethyl derivative of the natural substrate of β-galactosidase, which is used as a substrate for the production of recombinant proteins in the corynebacterium glutamicum. The enzyme β-galactosidase hydrolyzes this substrate to produce an acid molecule and a sugar molecule. This product can be used in biotechnological processes for the production of recombinant proteins or other bioactive molecules. It can also be used in the isolation of nucleic acid from bacteria or fungi, or to study bacterial membrane transport systems. 2NPGAG can be expressed as a recombinant protein with expression vectors such as pET21a and pET24a. It has been shown that this product inhibits transport through membranes by binding to cellulose, which may be useful for studies on cellulose biosynthesis

Jalapeno green-Gal (Jalapeno green-beta-D-galactopyranoside) is a chromogenic indicator for beta-galactosidase activity. The colorless product is cleaved by lactose-utilizing bacteria in liquid media or on agar plates and yields a Jalapeno green colored precipitate. Jalapeno green-Gal can also be used as detecting agent for beta-galactosidase activity in reporter gene assays or for identification of positive transformants on agar plates when using the α-complementation approach.

Naphthol AS-BI b-D-glucopyranoside is a substrate for enzymes such as β-glucosidase and β-glycosidase. It has been used in diagnostic tests to detect the presence of amylase, lipase, α-amylase, or maltase in urine and feces. In biochemistry, naphthol AS-BI b-D-glucopyranoside is often used as a chromogenic or fluorogenic substrate for the detection of β-galactosidases and other glycosidases. This product has also been used in the detection of bacteria in culture media. Naphthol AS-BI b-D-glucopyranoside is a high quality reagent that can be used for chemiluminescence experiments, food testing, and environmental testing.

Modified naphtol AS substrate used in histochemical and cytochemical staining

1-Naphthyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate. It is used in diagnostics and as a reagent for enzymatic analysis of alpha-mannosidase activity in culture media, food testing, and environmental testing.

4-Nitrophenyl beta-galactoside (pNP-Gal) is a chromogenic substrate commonly used in enzymatic assays to detect and quantify the presence of beta-galactosidase. It is hydrolyzed by the enzyme to release 4-nitrophenol, which produces a yellow color that can be measured spectrophotometrically. Similarly, 4-Nitrophenyl beta-glucoside (pNP-Glc) can be used to assay beta-glucosidase activity. 4-Nitrophenyl beta-globotrioside (pNP-Glo) is a similar compound that has been designed as a substrate for glycosidases that cleave terminal beta-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetylgalactosamine residues. In these assays, the release of 4-nitrophenol can be measured to determine the activity of the enzyme under study. The use of chromogenic substrates like pNP-Glo allows for the rapid and reliable detection of glycosidase activity in a variety of biological samples.

4-Nitrophenyl alpha-D-maltotetraoside is a chromogenic substrate used for the detection of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activity. The four glucose units in the molecule are hydrolyzed by the enzyme, releasing 4-nitrophenol and allowing for easy colorimetric measurement of enzymatic activity

4-Nitrophenyl-myo-inositol-1-yl phosphate is a highly specific chromogenic substrate used for the detection, quantification, and characterization of phosphoinositide phosphatases. When cleaved by the target enzyme, it generates a highly absorbing 4-nitrophenyl moiety, producing a yellow color that can be measured spectrophotometrically. This versatile substrate is valuable in examining phosphoinositide phosphatase activity, enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity, and inhibition studies in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, lipid metabolism, and membrane trafficking.