Source botanique

Atractyodin biosynthesis could be promoted by endophytic fungal elicitor mediated through NO followed by salicylic acid by activating ACC in A.lancea.

Tubeimoside I, tubeimoside II, and tubeimoside III show anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antitumor-promo ting effects.

Hypophyllanthin and phyllanthin have antitumour effects against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in mice. Hypophyllanthin can modulate the vascular tension via the endothelium-independent mechanisms, it can directly inhibit P-gp activity and does not interfere with MRP2 activity, it may reversibly inhibit P-gp function. Hypophyllanthin offers a promising means for treatment of chronic muscle pain. Hypophyllanthin also has estrogenic properties against carbofuran induced toxicity in female rats.

Periplogenin plays protective roles against thyrotoxicosis and associated cardiovascular problems, are mediated through its direct antithyroidal and/or LPO inhibiting properties. Periplogenin induces necroptotic cell death through oxidative stress in HaCaT cells and ameliorates skin lesions in the TPA- and IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse models.

Orientin has various activities including anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, vasodilatation and cardioprotective, antiadipogenesis, antinociceptive, radiation protective, neuroprotective, and antidepressant-like effects. Orientin protects H9c2 cardio-mytocytes against I/R-induced apoptosis by modulating the mPTP opening, and this role of orientin may involve the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; it also can decrease C/EBPα and PPARγ protein expression level in 3T3-L1 cells.

Obacunone is a novel activator of Nrf2, which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antivirulence, insecticidal, anti-proliferative and anti-aromatase activities. Obacunone stimulates muscle hypertrophy and prevents obesity and hyperglycemia, and that these beneficial effects are likely to be mediated through the activation of TGR5 and inhibition of PPARγ transcriptional activity. Obacunone significantly inhibits aromatase activity in an in vitro enzyme assay with an IC50 value of 28.04 μM, and it also inhibits the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

Timosaponin BII has anti-diabetes, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-dementia activities, it can significantly reduce the neurotoxicity induced by beta amyloid peptide 25-35 in primary neurons, the mechanism of which may be related with resisting oxidative damage and regulating the cholinergic system.Timosaponin BII can improve the neurological symptoms of cerebral ischemic rat, reduce infarct size, relieve brain water edema, improve hemorheology, reduce inflammatory injury of cerebral ischemia; it could be used in the preparation of a medicament or product for the prevention and treatment of stroke.

Limonin is a widely used dietary supplement, one of the most prevalent citrus limonoids, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)activity. It induced a down regulation of TLR-2 ,TLR-4,TNF-α, TNF-α/IL-10,NF-κB and caspase. It showed the potent inhibition of CYP3A4, with IC50 values of 6.20 μM (CYP3A4/testosterone) and 19.10 μM (CYP3A4/midazolam).