Monosaccharides

<p>1,4-Dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (1,4DA) is an inhibitor of glycolysis that has potent inhibitory activity against the enzyme phosphofructokinase. It has been shown to decrease cellular ATP levels in rat liver and kidney tissues. 1,4DA also inhibits urine production by inhibiting the conversion of fructose to glucose in the kidney. This compound is a racemic mixture with two enantiomers: R and S. The pharmacokinetics of 1,4DA have been studied in rats and humans using a model system. In rats, 1,4DA was absorbed rapidly and excreted unchanged in the urine. In humans, this drug was well absorbed after oral administration and metabolized mainly by hydrolysis to form 1,4-dideoxyfructose (Fru).</p>

<p>Pyridoxine galactoside is an oligosaccharide that is used as a methyl donor in the synthesis of other compounds. Pyridoxine galactoside is a synthetic compound that has been modified by fluorination and has a saccharide chain consisting of a monosaccharide, sugar, or carbohydrate. It is synthesized from pyridoxine and galactose.</p>

<p>Conduritol D (CD) is a natural product that has been isolated from the pancreas of rats. It is homochiral, and it has been shown to be active in the treatment of diabetic patients. CD has a hydroxy group at C-4' and an alcohol group at C-5'. The functional groups are acetylated at C-3', which may make this compound more potent than other similar compounds with different functional groups. It is also synthesized stereoselectively, making it a selective molecule. CD has been shown to have pharmacokinetic properties that may be beneficial for treating diabetes.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of lysosomal acid β-glucosidase (GlcCerase/glucocerebrosidase) with IC50 in nanomolar range for wildtype and mutant enzyme. It behaves as pharmacological chaperon by binding to instable GlcCerase active site at neutral pH values and facilitating the protein folding. In acidic lysosomes, isofagomine gets release from the enzyme active site. This results in increased levels of functional glucocerebrosidase and brings therapeutic benefits to patients with Gaucher disease.</p>

<p>Mannitol is a sugar alcohol occurring widely in plants and they are exudates, for example, in olive and plane trees (Collins, 2006). It is produced commercially by the catalytic hydrogenation of fructose (Zelin, 2019). Mannitol is used extensively in food and pharmaceutical industries because of its unique functional properties. It is about 50% as sweet as sucrose and has a desirable cooling effect often used to mask bitter tastes. Mannitol is non-cariogenic and has a low caloric content. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is metabolically inert in humans and is used for: the promotion of diuresis before irreversible renal failure becomes established, the promotion of urinary excretion of toxic substances, as an Antiglaucoma agent, and as a renal function diagnostic aid (O’Neil, 2013). Additonally, in 2020, mannitol was approved by the FDA as add-on maintenance therapy for the control of pulmonary symptoms associated with cystic fibrosis in adult patients (McKenna, 2020).</p>

<p>Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside is a synthetic monosaccharide that has been fluorinated with bromine. The synthetic process for this compound is click chemistry, which involves the use of copper and a chiral ligand. Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside is an example of a carbohydrate modification. It is also an oligosaccharide that contains three monosaccharides.<br>Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside can be used in glycosylation or methylation reactions due to its high purity and custom synthesis. This compound can also be used as an Oligosaccharide due to its saccharide composition.</p>

<p>D-Glucono-1,4-lactone is a sugar that is produced by the action of glucoamylase on starch or cellulose. It can be used as a source of food for yeast, in the production of polyesters and plastics, and as a precursor to vitamin C. The pH optimum for D-glucono-1,4-lactone production is between 3.5 and 4.5. X-ray crystal structures have shown that the enzyme binds to crystalline cellulose via hydrogen bonding interactions, which are formed by hydroxyl groups on the enzyme and carboxyl groups on crystalline cellulose. These interactions are important for the cleavage of glucose from crystalline cellulose by D-glucono-1,4-lactone. D-glucono-1,4-lactone has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in rats with metabolic disorders when administered orally at doses</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranosyl chloride - Stabilised with 2.5% CaCO3 is a crystalline compound that is synthesized from acetobromosugars and has the ability to inhibit virus activity. The compound binds to the reactive sulfhydryl groups on the surface of the virus, inhibiting its infectivity. This compound can be used in biomedical research for the treatment of hepatitis.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of viral, bacterial and animal sialidase</p>

<p>5-Keto-D-gluconic acid is an intermediate in the synthetic pathway of glucose. The enzyme 5-keto-D-gluconate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 5-keto-D-gluconate to D-glucono-1,5-lactone. This reaction is important for plant physiology and is used industrially for the production of citric acid. In order to synthesize 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, a p. pastoris strain was engineered with an increased expression of 5KGDH, which led to an increase in the production of this compound. This synthesis took place through a dinucleotide phosphate intermediate that was formed by two molecules of malonic acid. Citric acid was also synthesized from this intermediate. <br>The enzyme activity levels were measured using a bacterial strain that contained a wild type gene sequence (WT) and a mutant gene sequence (</p>

<p>Starting point for the biosynthesis of more rare sugars such as deoxysugars</p>

<p>3,4-O-Isopropylidene-D-mannitol (IPM) is a d-mannitol that has been synthesized by an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction. It is a highly reactive compound with acidic properties and, as such, can be used as a buffer in acid environments. The product of this synthesis was also found to have anticancer activity in vitro, which may be due to its ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation. IPM possesses a hydroxyl group at the 3 position of the molecule and a hydrophilic nature. This makes it suitable for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) studies and other detection methods.</p>

<p>2,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-2- C- methyl- D- arabinonic acid gamma-lactone is a modification of an oligosaccharide. It is synthesized by the benzoylation of 2,3,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with methyl iodide and sodium carbonate in acetic acid. The product is purified by recrystallization from methanol and water to yield a white crystalline solid.<br>The chemical formula for 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-2- C- methyl--D--arabinonic acid gamma lactone is C14H16O8. The molecular weight of the compound is 478.26 g/mol</p>

<p>Methyl b-D-thioglucopyranoside is a mucolytic that is used to treat respiratory disorders such as chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema. It can be used topically or orally, and is typically taken twice a day. Methyl b-D-thioglucopyranoside works by breaking down the mucus coating in the lungs, making it easier to cough up. This drug also has viscosity-lowering properties due to its ability to break down mucus.</p>

<p>Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside is a metabolite of the drug 6-fluoro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. It has been shown to induce apoptosis in cells, which is mediated by the activation of caspase 3 and cleavage of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP). Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside also induces transcriptional regulation and decreases the expression of proteins that are involved in cell proliferation. These effects have been seen in clinical pathology, including cancer and infectious diseases. This metabolite binds to mouse monoclonal antibodies, which are used as a diagnostic tool for several types of cancer. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique has demonstrated that methyl 2 acetamido 2 deoxy a D galactopyranoside inhibits</p>

<p>N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) is an aldohexose (2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose) in which the hydroxyl group at position 2 is replaced by a N-Acetyl group (Collins, 2006). GalNAc forms a key part of both N- and O-linked glycoproteins, glycolipids, gangliosides, blood groups, glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin and dermatan sulfate) and human milk oligosaccharides. The number of acetylgalactosamine residues attached to the IgA O-linked glycans of Crohn'sdisease patients is significantly decreased, and strongly correlated with clinical activity. It is suggested that alterations of GalNAc attachment in IgA may be useful as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker of Crohn's disease (Inoue, 2012).</p>

<p>2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose, also called 3-fluoro-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2,4,5-triol, can be added to the medium of primary cultured rat hepatocytes to inhibit N-glycosylation of proteins. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common antibody found in blood and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose modifies the galactosylation of the N-linked glycan in the IgG-Fc receptor.  We also have the same product MD04718.</p>

<p>9-(b-D-Galactopyranose)-nonanoic acid is a custom synthesis, modification and fluorination of a methylated monosaccharide in the form of an oligosaccharide. This synthetic compound is polysaccharide with a carbohydrate group at one end, which can be modified to be glycosylated or saccharified. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, which may be due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis.</p>

<p>methyl ether of glucose with the anomeric position free.</p>

<p>D-Ribulose is a type of sugar that belongs to the carbohydrate family. It is not metabolized by humans and is used as an energy source by certain bacteria. D-Ribulose is a substrate for bacterial xylitol dehydrogenase, which produces the intermediate xylitol. This product can be used in probiotic bacteria or as an antioxidant compound in biological samples such as coli k-12. D-Ribulose also has conformational properties that are different from other sugars, which may be due to its lack of hydroxyl groups on the ring. The reaction mechanism for this product has been identified and involves hydrogen fluoride (HF) and ribitol dehydrogenase to produce ribulose and hydrogen gas.</p>