Monosaccharides

Potent and specific inhibitor of α-mannosidase I. It is active against the Golgi isoform (GMI) of the enzyme and blocks carbohydrate branch elongation from immature to complex and hybrid N-glycans. Its anti-viral activity against HIV-1 is characterized by the alteration of N-glycan pattern and shift to high-mannose glycans on viral glycoprotein gp120, resulting in decreased infectivity of newly synthesized virions.

Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, occurs widely in plants, such as, the fruits of the Sorbus and Crataegus spp.  Commercially it is produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of glucose (Collins, 2006).  Sorbitol is approved as a sugar substitute with the E number 420 and has ‘generally recognized as safe’ status (GRAS) from the US Food and Drug Administration. It is about 60% as sweet as sucrose and is a mild laxative.  Sorbitol has a wide range of other functional properties, including: humectancy, plasticizing ability, non-cariogenicity, and good chemical stability in harsh conditions, such as, alkaline pH and heat. Toothpaste production is the second largest application of sorbitol, accounting for 50,000 tons a year in Western Europe alone.  Other important uses of sorbitol as a humectant, include: formulation of cough syrups, multivitamin preparations, emulsions, and suspensions (O’Neil, 2013).

2-C-Hydroxymethyl-D-ribose is a sugar that has been found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is also found in some other bacteria, such as Streptomyces coelicolor. 2-C-Hydroxymethyl-D-ribose may be involved in the synthesis of glycan and may have a role in the molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis pathway. This molecule has been shown to have acidic properties, which are most likely due to its hydroxyl groups. The 13C NMR spectrum for this compound shows three peaks at δ H = 138.2, 144.3, and 154.5 ppm corresponding to the ribofuranoside moiety. The skeleton of this molecule was rationalized by attaching an acetaldehyde group to the 2'-hydroxyl group on position C2 of ribose, which is consistent with the observed 13C NMR spectrum. This molecule has

Component of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. Peptidoglycan is a mesh-like polymer, made of a glycan backbone containing alternating subunits of N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N‐acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc). An enzyme substrate that is used to characterize and differentiate MurNAc and GlcNAc kinases.

2-C-Methyl- D- xylonic acid g- lactone is a monosaccharide that can be used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and complex carbohydrates. This compound is a fluorinated carbohydrate, which has been modified to include a methyl group at the C2 position. The chemical name for this compound is 2-C-Methyl-D-xylonic acid g-lactone and it has CAS No. 4983-92-1. This compound can be synthesized as a custom order and its purity exceeds 99%. Its synthesis can involve glycosylation or methylation, depending on the desired product.

D-Glucosamine-6-phosphate sodium salt is a custom synthesis of an oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, and carbohydrate. The chemical modification of this compound includes methylation, glycosylation, and carbamylation. This product has high purity with a fluorination level of 98%.

Methyl β-D-ribopyranoside is a sugar alcohol that belongs to the group of pentoses. It is a potential precursor for the synthesis of phosphite, which is a reactive anion used in organic chemistry. Methyl β-D-ribopyranoside has been shown to regulate the growth of bacteria and fungi by altering their metabolic pathways. This compound also has shown to be programmed death in certain bacterial strains, although it is not clear how it induces this programmed death. Methyl β-D-ribopyranoside can also affect the rhizosphere and can be used as a substrate for anions and sugar alcohols.

2-Deoxy-L-fucose is a sugar that is found in the human body. It has been shown to have anti-tumour properties and can be used as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of solid tumours. 2DFL binds to the receptor for fucose, which is expressed in many types of cancer cells. It also inhibits DNA synthesis by stabilizing a complex between the sugar and dna template, inhibiting the binding of monoclonal antibodies to cancer cells, and preventing glycosidic bond formation on cancer cells. 2DFL has also been shown to inhibit microbial biotransformation and cell culture.

Propofol-4-Hydroxy-4-D-glucuronide is a fluorinated monosaccharide that has been synthesized using the glycosylation, polysaccharide and modification methods. This compound is a custom synthesis that has been modified with methylation and click chemistry. The CAS number for this product is 54910-87-6. This product is a complex carbohydrate with high purity.

Phenyl-beta-D-thioglucopyranoside is a heterocycloalkyl compound that contains a phenyl group and a beta-D-thioglucopyranoside. It is used as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, yellow dye, and cancer drugs. Phenyl-beta-D-thioglucopyranoside binds to the cell membrane of cancer cells and induces apoptosis by inhibiting the synthesis of proteins. This compound also has alkenyl and haloalkyl groups, which may be important for its biological activity. Phenyl-beta-D-thioglucopyranoside can be crystallized in two different forms: one with a crystalline form, which is yellow; the other with a crystalline form, which is colorless.

D-sorbose is a diastereomer of D-xylose. It inhibits the glycolysis pathway, which stops the production of energy and leads to cell death. D-sorbose is synthesized from D-xylose by enzymatic conversion with 1,4-dihydroxybenzene. The crystalline form of D-sorbose is polymorphic and can be identified using X-ray diffraction. It has been shown to have cytotoxic effects on C. elegans and A. actinomycetes, but not on E. coli or other Gram negative bacteria. The imbalance in the ratio of these organisms may lead to an increased risk for cancer in humans.