APIs pour la recherche et les impuretés

Levofloxacin is a synthetic molecule with an asymmetric carbon atom in its heterocycle. It is synthesized by reacting chloroform with 2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde, which reacts further with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid to form the levofloxacin carboxylic acid. Impurities can be found in the reaction product due to chlorine atoms that are formed during the synthesis. The amount of impurities present in the final product can be determined using a titration method or through HPLC analysis. Levofloxacin has been shown to be effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens, although is not active against acid-fast bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium complex.

Ergosterone is a potent anticancer agent that has been shown to induce apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines. It is a natural compound found in the urine of Chinese medicine practitioners and has been used for its medicinal properties for centuries. Ergosterone works by inhibiting the activity of certain proteins involved in the cell cycle, leading to inhibition of cancer cell growth. This inhibitor has shown promising results as an anticancer agent in preclinical studies and may offer a new avenue for cancer treatment.

Tenofovir disoproxil is the disoproxil fumarate salt of tenofovir. It is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) in combination with emtricitabine and as a single agent in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Tenofovir disoproxil is available as tablets, capsules, or oral solution. The drug has been shown to cause an increase in serum creatinine levels, which may be due to inhibition of renal tubular secretion of creatinine by tenofovir. This drug should not be used with alafenamide and tenofovir because it can lead to kidney failure and death.

Trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (AMCA) is a histamine antagonist that is used to treat bowel disease. It may also be useful for the treatment of other inflammatory diseases and as an anticoagulant. AMCA has been shown to be safe and effective for the prevention of postoperative bleeding in patients who are undergoing major surgery. This drug is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, but does not affect the function of erythrocytes or leukocytes. AMCA inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking the binding of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to its receptor on platelets, thus inhibiting ADP-mediated activation of phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid release from membranes. An increase in blood levels of AMCA may lead to cardiac toxicity and bleeding events.

Dioctyl carbonate is a pharmaceutical preparation used to treat skin conditions. It is a fatty acid ester of carbonic and carbonyl groups in which the two esters are in the same molecule. Dioctyl carbonate is a reaction product obtained by reacting an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, with an alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups and one double bond. This reaction may be facilitated by heating. The film-forming polymer may be polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, or polyacrylic acid. Dioctyl carbonate has been shown to stimulate colony-stimulating factor production and inhibit the proliferation of human epidermal keratinocytes.

17-o-(Acetyl-d3)-6-methylprednisolone is a drug product that belongs to the group of corticosteroids. It is used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases. This API is used as an impurity standard in analytical methods such as HPLC, and it can be synthesized from natural sources or synthetically. 17-o-(Acetyl-d3)-6-methylprednisolone can also be used in R&D for the development of drugs targeting niche markets, such as those with high purity requirements.

N-(4-Amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazol-2-yl)-N-methylpropylenediamine formamide hydrochloride is an impurity in the synthesis of N-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazol-2-yl)-N'-methylpropylenediamine formamide hydrochloride. It is a white solid that can be used as an analytical reference standard for HPLC. It has been detected in the urine of people taking this drug and can be used to identify the presence of this drug in urine samples.

Celecoxib hydrazine is an inhibitor of protein kinases that has been shown to have anticancer properties. It is an analog of celecoxib, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to treat pain and inflammation. Celecoxib hydrazine has been shown to induce apoptosis in human cancer cells and inhibit the growth of tumors in mice. This compound has potential as a medicinal agent for the treatment of cancer, and urine samples from Chinese patients with cancer have been found to contain high levels of this compound. Celecoxib hydrazine acts on specific kinases in the body, which are involved in various cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation and signal transduction. Its ability to selectively inhibit these kinases makes it a promising candidate for targeted therapy against cancer.

L-745,870 is a subchronic atypical antipsychotic agent that is a potent D4 receptor agonist. Its efficacy in treating various mental disorders has been demonstrated in clinical studies with animals. L-745,870 has shown antidyskinetic activity in animal models of Parkinson's disease and dyskinesia. The molecular target for this drug is the dopamine D4 receptor. Clinical development of L-745,870 has begun in human studies.

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Gyromitrin is a potent inhibitor of tumor growth and apoptosis in human cancer cells. It is an analog of tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. Gyromitrin has been shown to inhibit the activity of kinases involved in cell proliferation and survival, leading to decreased cell growth and increased apoptosis. In Chinese hamster ovary cells, gyromitrin has been demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis. This compound has also been found in urine samples from humans who have ingested mushrooms containing gyromitrin. Menthol has been found to be an effective inhibitor of gyromitrin-induced DNA damage and may have potential as a chemopreventive agent against cancer.

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5-O-Desethyl amlodipine is a metabolite of amlodipine. It has been used as an analytical reference standard for the determination of amlodipine and its metabolites in human plasma and urine. 5-O-Desethyl amlodipine has been reported to be excreted in human breast milk at a concentration that is about 20% of that found in maternal plasma. The drug product is manufactured by HPLC and is classified as a high purity pharmaceutical drug, which means it is free from extraneous substances such as other drugs, proteins, or bacteria.

Cis-Tadalafil is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 5, which is used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) and primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). It works by increasing blood flow to the penis, allowing men with ED to achieve and maintain an erection. Cis-Tadalafil is also used to treat symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate) in men. This drug has been shown to be effective in treating PPH by reducing pulmonary arterial pressure and improving exercise capacity. Cis-Tadalafil belongs to the carboline class of drugs and is a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor that selectively inhibits cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). This drug has been shown to be highly effective in treating both ED and PPH with minimal side effects.

Simvastatin acid is the active form of simvastatin, a drug used to lower blood cholesterol levels. Simvastatin acid inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that converts HMG-CoA to mevalonate. This conversion is a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other lipids. Simvastatin acid binds to polymerase chain and drug transporter proteins, which leads to cell lysis. The concentration–time curve for simvastatin acid is linear and the half-life is approximately 12 hours. When simvastatin acid is administered with drugs that are potent inducers of CYP3A4 or UGT1A1 enzymes, there may be an increased risk for drug interactions. Simvastatin acid has shown no significant human pharmacokinetic interactions with food or grapefruit juice at doses up to 200 mg/day. There are limited data on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin

Roflumilast impurity A is a metabolite of roflumilast. It is a drug product that is used as an analytical standard for the determination of roflumilast in HPLC analysis. Roflumilast impurity A is not natural and is synthetic. It has been shown to be a substrate for CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 enzymes. Studies have shown that it may be involved in the metabolism of roflumilast through hydroxylation and deamination.

(3S,4R)-Tofacitinib is a rhombic and paramagnetic compound with a Curie point of approximately 10.6°C. It is soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and toluene. (3S,4R)-Tofacitinib has been shown to have magnetic properties that are dependent on the temperature and the frequency of the applied magnetic field. The paramagnetic resonance spectra were observed at 18°C and 32°C, while the paramagnetic resonance spectrum was observed at -2°C. The octahedral interactions are likely due to the presence of six different types of iron ions in the crystal structure.

Piperacilloic acid is a synthetic compound that exhibits antibacterial activity. It has been shown to be effective against human pathogens, including urothelial carcinoma and human serum. Piperacilloic acid binds to the amino acids lysine and arginine in bacterial proteins and inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting the function of enzymes that require these amino acids for their activity. The potency of piperacillin is low, but it is activated by hydrolysis in the acidic environment of the stomach or intestinal tract. Piperacilloic acid also has potential as a contraceptive agent because it may inhibit transcriptional regulation of genes that are involved in sperm production.