Building Blocks

Metosulam is a triazolopyrimidine herbicide that inhibits the growth of weeds by interfering with plant photosynthesis. Metosulam binds to fatty acids and carbohydrates, which prevents these molecules from binding to the enzyme ATP synthase. This results in a loss of energy production, leading to cell death. Metosulam has been shown to cause chronic cough in mice when given at sublethal doses for long periods of time. The chronic cough was found to be due to an interactive effect between metosulam and polymeric matrix in the lungs that caused inflammation.

3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) is an organic compound derived from benzidine. It is the precursor to the synthetic fibre polybenzimidazole (PBI), which have high thermal and oxidative stability properties. DAB is water-soluble as the tetrahydrochloride salt and is used in immunohistochemical staining of nucleic acids and proteins. Research in Alzheimer's disease, Aβ protein amyloid plaques are targeted by a primary antibody, and subsequently by a secondary antibody, which is conjugated with a peroxidase enzyme. This will bind DAB as a substrate and oxidize it, producing an easily observable brown colour. 3,3’-Diaminobenzidine is also available as the tetrahydrochloride salt and the tetrahydrochloride hydrate.

Tak-659 is an amide compound that inhibits the serine protease activity of a number of enzymes, including cathepsin B and L. Tak-659 has been shown to have inhibitory effects on inflammation in animal models by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. Tak-659 has also been shown to impair protein synthesis in gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mechanism for this inhibition is not entirely clear but may be due to tak-659 binding to the ribosomal RNA near the peptidyl transferase center, blocking the entry of amino acids into the ribosome. Tak-659 binds with high affinity to adenosine receptors and has been shown to reduce levels of inflammatory cytokines in mouse tumor cells.

Tyrosinase inhibitor; skin whitener

The 2-methylcinnamic acid is a derivative of cinnamic acid. It is an organic compound that is a colorless liquid at room temperature. The 2-methylcinnamic acid can be synthesized via the Suzuki coupling reaction between 2-chlorocinnamic acid and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid in the presence of a ruthenium complex, a diphosphine ligand, and an acidic co-solvent. This organic compound has been shown to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by interacting with the prostanoid receptor, a protein located on the surface of cells that binds to inflammatory agents or hormones. These interactions may also lead to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. The 2-methylcinnamic acid can also be converted into flavonoids such as quercetin and apigenin through oxidation reactions.

3-Methoxyacetophenone is a bacterial metabolite that is produced by the metabolism of caproic acid. 3-Methoxyacetophenone has been shown to possess antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria and to inhibit protein synthesis in these bacteria. The compound class of 3-methoxyacetophenone includes methyl ketones, which are a type of organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O). This compound can be found in bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These bacteria produce 3-methoxyacetophenone during growth on l-tartaric acid or hydrogen tartrate as the sole carbon sources. The organism’s DNA sequences have been determined by deuterium isotope sequencing and l-tartaric acid as the sole carbon source.