Antimicrobici

<p>Fluconazole is an antifungal drug used to treat a wide range of fungal infections. Fluconazole is a cytochrome demethylase system inhibitor that acts by interfering with β-glucan biosynthesis. It has been shown to be effective in treating candidemia, a life-threatening form of candidiasis caused by the fungus Candida albicans. Fluconazole seems to be more effective than amphotericin B in treating some isolates of C. albicans, making it a valuable tool in the fight against this deadly fungal infection, although due to the increase of antimicrobial resistance, fluconazole has been studied in combination with other drugs (e.g. farnesol).</p>

<p>Flavomycin - 8% premix is an antibacterial feed additive with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for promoting growth and improving feed efficiency in livestock and poultry.</p>

<p>Acetylspiramycin - Mixture of components is a derivative of spiramycin and is used as an antibiotic.</p>

<p>Finafloxacin hydrochloride is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from the fluoroquinolone class. Its source is a chemically engineered structure, specifically designed to combat bacterial infections effectively. The mode of action of Finafloxacin hydrochloride involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes responsible for DNA replication, transcription, and repair in bacteria. By inhibiting these enzymes, it disrupts bacterial DNA processes, ultimately leading to cell death and resolution of the infection.</p>

Rimantadine is an anti-viral drug that is used for the prevention of influenza A infection. This drug is an RNA synthesis inhibitor and exerts its effects on the viral replication cycle. Although not fully understood, it is said that the M2 gene may play a role in Rimantadine susceptibility.

Actinomycin D is an antibiotic commonly used in chemotherapy for cancer treatment, such as sarcomas, and pediatric solid tumors, Wilm’s tumor, testicular cancer, and choriocarcinoma; it is generally not very useful in antibiotic therapy. It acts as a transcription inhibitor, binding to DNA duplexes at the transcription initiation complex and preventing RNA polymerase elongation.

<p>Antimicrobial agent</p>

<p>Daunorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic and antineoplastic agent that is used in the treatment of a variety of cancers such as nonlymphocytic leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia. The drug binds to DNA and inhibits transcription by intercalating between DNA base pairs and affecting the activity of the topoisomerase II enzyme and thus the gene expression. This results in apoptosis, mitochondrial injury, and finally cell death.</p>

<p>Tosufloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are enzymes that maintain the integrity of bacterial DNA. It binds to bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA and inhibits protein synthesis, leading to cell death by inhibiting the production of proteins vital for cell division. Tosufloxacin has been shown to be effective against a variety of bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of viral protein NS5B</p>

Ormetoprim is an antibacterial drug used in veterinary medicine to treat several bacterial infections in animals. This drug is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor and disrupts DNA and RNA synthesis in bacteria.

Anti-viral; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

<p>Aureothricin is a dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic and is used for its antimicrobial properties. It inhibits transcription in bacteria, leading to growth inhibition</p>

<p>Valinomycin is an ionophore antibiotic with action on potassium ion transport across cell membranes and is used for research on ion transport and as an antimicrobial agent.</p>

Mezlocillin is a ureidopenicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating gram-negative and anaerobic bacterial infections.

<p>Inhibitor of RNA polymerases; inhibitor of HSP27-cytoskeleton interactions</p>

Inhibitor of beta-lactamase; inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; beta-lactam class

<p>Tebipenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, including complicated urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide class</p>

<p>Oxacillin sodium monohydrate is a hydrated form of oxacillin sodium with similar action and applications as oxacillin sodium.</p>

<p>A macrolide, broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). Clarithromycin has been used to potentiate the pharmacological effects of some drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450.</p>

<p>Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA synthesis and is used for treating acne vulgaris and bacterial skin infections.</p>

<p>Mebendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic with action on microtubule formation in parasitic worms and is used for treating intestinal worm infections like threadworms and roundworms.</p>

<p>Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent</p>

<p>Cefpodoxime is a semi-synthetic antibiotic that is clinically used against bacterial infections. The chemical structure of Cefpodoxime is similar to Cephalexin and has high bioavailability and high resistance to inhibit bacterial growth. Cefpodoxime acts inhibiting the synthesis of cell wall, the cross-linking of peptidoglycan and altering bacterial permeability by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Studies have shown that cefpodoxime can be used for treating prophylaxis of respiratory tract infections, in which being absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract unchanged and is metabolized to an active form in liver cells both after oral ingestion or after a single parenteral dose.</p>

<p>Darunavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor used orally in the treatment of patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection (Ghosh, 2007). It has also been shown to be effective against other infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus and SARS coronavirus. Metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, darunavir is often administered together with ritonavir that prolongs its bioavaiability, giving a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15 hours (Back, 2008). The effect of darunavir on natural compounds such as matrix proteins and toll-like receptor activity has also been studied via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments.</p>

<p>Tilmicosin phosphate is a phosphate salt form of tilmicosin with similar action and applications as tilmicosin.</p>

<p>Cefazaflur is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the mold Acremonium (formerly known as Cephalosporium). Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This interference prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, which is essential for bacterial cell wall structural integrity, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer; antiviral</p>

<p>Cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and ear infections.</p>

<p>Amicetin is a type of antibiotic, which is derived from bacterial sources, specifically from Streptomyces species. It functions primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria, achieved through interfering with the aminoacyl-tRNA binding process on the ribosome. This mechanism disrupts the translation process, thereby preventing bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>3-Desacetylcefotaxime potassium is an antimicrobial agent that belongs to the group of beta-lactam antibiotics.It si an active metabolite of cefotaxime and effective against various bacterial infections</p>

<p>Dolutegravir is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor. Dolutegravir is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infections as it hampers the integration of the viral genome into the host DNA (Katlama, 2012). Active on a wide number of HIV-1 phenotypes, dolutegravir is highly bioavailable with an IC90 of more than 30 hours (Cottrell, 2013).</p>

<p>N-Desmethyl clarithromycin is a metabolite of clarithromycin with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for studying clarithromycin pharmacokinetics.</p>

Antibiotic of fluoroquinolone class; DNA replication inhibitor

<p>Second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic</p>

<p>Amrubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent, which is a synthetic anthracycline derivative derived from reductive amination. It functions primarily by intercalating into DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II, an enzyme crucial to DNA replication. This mode of action disrupts DNA synthesis, leading to apoptosis in rapidly proliferating cancer cells.</p>

Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue that is used to treat leukaemia especially, non-lymphocytic leukaemia. This drug also has anti-viral and immunosuppressant properties. Cytarabine is cytotoxic and acts through direct DNA damage. Although its mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is said to inhibit DNA polymerase.

C-390 is an antibacterial agent. Selective isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other bacterial species when added to an agar medium.

<p>Ceftibuten dihydrate is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Tobramycin used to treat severe infections with gram-negative bacteria and it is often applied in combination with beta-lactams. It has similar antimicrobial effects to gentamicin and is effective against all Enterobacteriacae, but more effective than gentamicin against P. aeruginosa, which is why it is often used for gentamicin-resistant strains, especially in the case of cystic fibrosis.</p>

Isomitomycin A is a naturally occurring microbial metabolite, which is isolated from certain strains of actinomycetes. It exhibits a unique mode of action by interfering with viral replication processes, effectively inhibiting the proliferation of various viral pathogens. The alkaloidal structure of Isomitomycin A allows it to integrate into nucleic acid processing pathways, eventually disrupting the function and synthesis of viral genomes.

<p>Antiviral; Hepatitis C virus NS5A antagonist</p>

<p>Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis, particularly targeting multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and is used for treating complicated urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; macrolide class</p>

Antibiotic; used in selective media for P. aeruginosa

<p>Ceftolozane sulfate is a cephalosporin antibiotic with action against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and is used for treating complicated urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections.</p>

<p>Inhibits bacterial regulatory enzyme DNA gyrase</p>

<p>Bacitracin is a polypeptide antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly skin infections. It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the dephosphorylation of bactoprenol.</p>

<p>Roxithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of glucan synthase; antifungal compound</p>

<p>Oritavancin is a semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of peptidoglycan precursors. It has been shown to be active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens. Oritavancin also inhibits the growth of thp-1 cells in vitro and has been shown to be effective against endocarditis caused by MRSA.</p>

<p>STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II is a targeted inhibitor for β-galactosidase producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II is triggered by the enzyme β-galactosidase which is produced by E.coli (EHEC), thermophilic lactic acid bacteria, and other coliform bacteria. STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II can help to selectively inhibit the growth of E. coli in complex bacterial cultures and can be used in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II is not compatible with some experimental conditions, e.g. pH indicators such as neutral red, indigo stains, and possibly H2S staining. STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II can be added as an enzyme-specific selective supplement to agar plates and as an enrichment agent to broth culture.</p>

<p>STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Ala is a targeted inhibitor for L-alanine aminopeptidase-producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Ala is triggered by the enzyme L-alanine aminopeptidase, an enzyme located in the bacterial cell wall and is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. L-alanine aminopeptidase has not been experimentally detected in Campylobacter species, anaerobic bacilli, Gram-positive and Gram-variable bacteria. More details in the application notes document.</p>

<p>Mitomycin A is an antitumor antibiotic with action on DNA cross-linking to inhibit replication and is used for treating various cancers and in research applications.</p>

<p>Sulbactam sodium is a beta-lactamase inhibitor with action on bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and is used for enhancing the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics.</p>

Grepafloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is derived from the chemical modification of natural quinolones. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This inhibition disrupts DNA replication and transcription in bacteria, leading to cell death. The high affinity of grepafloxacin for these bacterial enzymes over human analogs makes it an effective antibacterial agent, specifically targeting the bacterial replication machinery.

<p>Alvespimycin hydrochloride is a chemical inhibitor that binds and inhibits the ATP-binding site of Hsp90, an enzyme involved in protein synthesis. This inhibition prevents the release of other proteins that are needed for protein synthesis, leading to cell death. Alvespimycin hydrochloride has been shown to have anti-cancer properties in vitro assays. Alvespimycin hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin</p>

<p>Delafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.</p>

<p>Cefixime trihydrate is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections like gonorrhea, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Anthelmintic; anti-parasitic</p>

<p>Penicillin G sodium is a natural penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea, and anthrax.</p>

<p>Posaconazole is a triazole antifungal agent that inhibits the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme. This drug prevents the formation of fungal cell walls thus leading to fungal cell lysis. Posaconazole is shown to inflict its inhibitory activity against common pathogenic fungus such as Candida and Aspergillus species in severely immunocompromised patients.</p>

<p>Non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase; anti-viral</p>

<p>Amoscanate is an antiparasitic compound derived from synthetic chemical processes, which acts by disrupting the mitochondrial function of parasitic organisms. This compound intervenes in the energy metabolism of endoparasites, leading to their incapacitation and eventual death. Its action is selective for parasitic species, minimizing effects on the host organism.</p>

<p>Biapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins.</p>

<p>Maduramicin ammonium is an anticoccidial agent with action on protozoal parasites by disrupting ion gradients and is used for preventing coccidiosis in poultry.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Anti-viral; NS3/4A protease inhibitor_x000D_</p>

<p>Oleandomycin phosphate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory tract infections and as a veterinary antibiotic.</p>

<p>Bifonazole is an antifungal drug that is used for the treatment of fungal infections. This drug inhibits the production of ergosterol and destabilizes the fungal cytochrome p450 51 enzyme.</p>

<p>STAADIUM™ GalactoZide I is a targeted inhibitor for β-galactosidase producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUM™ GalactoZide I is triggered by the enzyme β-galactosidase which is produced by E.coli (EHEC), thermophilic lactic acid bacteria, and other coliform bacteria. STAADIUM™ GalactoZide I can help to selectively inhibit the growth of E. coli in complex bacterial cultures and can be useful in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. GalactoZide I has a slightly lower inhibitory activity on coliforms compared to STAADIUM™ GalactoZide II but has a higher compatibility with pH indicators, e.g. neutral red and H2S staining.</p>

<p>Ceftaroline fosamil acetate hydrate is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action against gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA and is used for treating bacterial skin infections and community-acquired pneumonia.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; NS5A protein inhibitor</p>

Inhibitor of prokaryotic DNA gyrase, eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase and HSP90

Anti-fungal; glucan synthase inhibitor

<p>Penicillin G potassium is a natural penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis, syphilis, and endocarditis.</p>

Antibiotic; binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis

Naturally produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitili, it is clinically used in the treatment of parasitosis in both humans and animals. Ivermectin is commercially available as a mixture of 80% 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1a and 20% 22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1b. In 2020, Ivermectin indicated that it was a good antiviral agent in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and a new mechanism of action has been suggested. Ivermectin would act on importin α/β heterodimer and affect nuclear transport and the translocation of viral proteins.

<p>Hexadecylphosphocholine, better known as miltefosine, belongs to the group of phospholipids. The long alkyl chain and a polar group of a molecule proved to be essential for antitumor activity, especially to cure breast cancer cells. The apoptotic process takes place in the plasma membrane, where molecules are inserted and then influence signaling pathways. Moreover, during preclinical studies hexadecylphosphocholine (He-PC) found to be highly effective in inhibiting the growth of chemically induced rat mammary carcinomas, and even a high percentage of the tumors regressed completely. The He-PC has many more applications such as antifungal agent, antiprotozoal drug, protein kinase inhibitor or immunomodulator. Even though miltefosine was originally developed in the 1980s as an anti-cancer agent, new studies have demonstrated activity against Leishmania parasites and neoplastic cells, and due to broad spectrum of antimicrobial effects, it is recommended as a first line treatment for free-living amebae infections.</p>

<p>Colistin sodium methanesulfonate is an antibiotic, which is a derivative of polymyxin E sourced from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa. Its mode of action involves disrupting the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids, leading to cell death.</p>