Antimicrobici

<p>Antibiotic; inhibits bacterial mRNA translation; inhibits monoamine oxidase</p>

Tautomycin is a natural compound classified as a polyketide, which is isolated from the bacterium *Streptomyces spiroverticillatus*. This bacterium is renowned for its ability to produce biologically active secondary metabolites with diverse pharmacological properties. Tautomycin is recognized for its mode of action as a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases, specifically protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). These enzymes play critical roles in cellular processes by regulating phosphorylation states, which control various signaling pathways within the cell.

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Antibacterial used in treatment of UTI and respiratory tract infections</p>

Fosamprenavir calcium is an antiretroviral medication, which is derived from the prodrug of amprenavir. It is synthesized through chemical processes to enhance oral bioavailability and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Through its mode of action, fosamprenavir is converted in vivo to amprenavir, which acts as an inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease enzyme. By inhibiting this enzyme, it prevents the cleavage of the Gag-Pol polyprotein, disrupting viral replication and processing, ultimately leading to the production of immature, non-infectious viral particles.

<p>Dasabuvir is a non-nucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor with action on hepatitis C virus RNA replication and is used for treating hepatitis C in combination therapies.</p>

Anti-viral; inhibitor of NS5A protein

<p>Cefpodoxime proxetil is a prodrug of cefpodoxime with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>Amikacin hydrate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from kanamycin through a semi-synthetic process. It functions by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to errors in the translation process. This disruption is bactericidal, effectively eliminating bacterial pathogens.</p>

<p>Torezolid (Tedizolid) is an oxazolidinone antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.</p>

<p>Tubulysin A is a natural cytotoxic agent, which is derived from myxobacteria. The compound originates from strains such as Archangium gephyra and Angiococcus disciformis, known for their prolific production of secondary metabolites. Tubulysin A exerts its mode of action by disrupting microtubule dynamics, which are essential for cell division and intracellular transport. It specifically binds to the microtubules and inhibits their polymerization, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

Activator of the two-pore domain potassium channel TASK3

<p>Ombitasvir is a NS5A inhibitor antiviral agent with action on hepatitis C virus replication and is used for treating chronic hepatitis C in combination therapies.</p>

Ketoconazole is an azole antifungal compound with a mode of action that inhibits ergosterol synthesis, disrupting fungal cell membranes. It is used for treating fungal infections of the skin and scalp.

<p>Enoxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating urinary tract infections and gonorrhea.</p>

Amrubicin maleate is an anthracycline antibiotic and is used for the treatment of small cell lung cancer. It inhibits topoisomerase II, leading to DNA breaks and cell death

<p>Imidocarb Dipropionate is an antiprotozoal compound with a mode of action that interferes with the glycolysis of parasites like Babesia. It is used for treating infections such as babesiosis in animals.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Emtricitabine is a nucleoside analog that is an antiviral drug used to treat HIV/AIDS. It is a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine, in which the 3' phosphate and 5' hydroxyl groups have been replaced with a fluorine atom and a methoxy group, respectively. Emtricitabine has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of viral DNA by competing for incorporation into the viral DNA strand during the elongation phase of viral replication. Emtricitabine also has anticancer activity, but no other known therapeutic uses.</p>

<p>Zalcitabine (also known as dideoxycytidine or ddC) is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) medication used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. It works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for replication of the HIV virus, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying and spreading. Zalcitabine is often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs to effectively treat HIV/AIDS.</p>

<p>Butenafine hydrochloride is a mycological agent that is used to treat tinea. It has been shown to have an antifungal activity in vitro against wild-type strains of c. glabrata. Butenafine hydrochloride inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, which is a vital component of fungal cell membranes, by blocking the conversion of squalene to lanosterol through inhibition of 14alpha-demethylase. It also has antimicrobial properties, which may be due to its ability to inhibit bacterial growth.</p>

Tebipenem pivoxil is a prodrug of tebipenem with enhanced oral bioavailability and similar action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections, particularly in pediatric patients.

<p>Netilmicin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.</p>

Bleomycin A5 is an antitumor antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves the induction of DNA strand breaks, primarily by forming complexes with metal ions such as iron, which can generate reactive oxygen species. These species cause oxidative damage to the DNA, leading to single- and double-strand breaks. This DNA cleavage is crucial for its efficacy in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells.

<p>Cefuroxime axetil is a prodrug of cefuroxime with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections like sinusitis, bronchitis, and gonorrhea.</p>

6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide is a potent RNA polymerase inhibitor, active against both RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo. A four-step approach to the synthesis of 6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide was reported in 2014. 6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide is commercialized and has recently been suggested for the treatment of mild cases of COVID-19.

Polypeptide antibiotic used as a feed additive

<p>Midecamycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating respiratory tract and skin infections.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; RNA polymerase inhibitor; sofosbuvir metabolite</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; cephalosporin class</p>

<p>Pafuramidine is an antiprotozoal prodrug with action on protozoal DNA synthesis inhibition and is used for treating African sleeping sickness and Pneumocystis pneumonia.</p>

<p>Nalidixic acid is a quinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA replication and is used for treating urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Teicoplanin is related to vancomycin and has similar effects against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes, and usually requires less frequent administration than vancomycin, but it is less efficient against S. haemolyticus. Due its size and polarity, teicoplanin can’t pass through the membrane of gram-negative bacteria thus it is not active against them. It is used to treat severe infections such as septicemia, endocarditis, bone and joint infections.</p>

Delamanid is a second-line antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic derivative of the nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole compound. Delamanid originates from a laboratory synthesis designed to target and inhibit specific components of bacterial cell wall synthesis. The mode of action involves the inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis, which is critical for the maintenance and construction of the cell wall in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This inhibition disrupts bacterial cell wall integrity, ultimately exerting a bactericidal effect against actively replicating and dormant mycobacterial cells.

Anti-viral; capsid inhibitor

<p>Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; anti-Hepatitis B virus</p>

Triflumezopyrim is a mesoionic insecticide with action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to block nerve signaling and is used for controlling rice hoppers and leafhoppers in agriculture.

Antibiotic; RNA and DNA synthesis inhibitor; adenosine analogue

<p>Carumonam disodium is a monobactam antibiotic, which is derived from microbial fermentation processes. Its mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of susceptible Gram-negative bacteria. This binding inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Etravirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) medication used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. It works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for replication of the virus, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying and spreading. Etravirine is often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs to effectively treat HIV/AIDS. It is commonly prescribed for patients with virus strains that are resistant to other NNRTI medications due to mutations that confer resistance- mutations K103N and Y181C. Etravirine is a diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) and has conformational isomerism meaning that it binds reverse transcriptase in an fleible manner, under multiple conformations. The impact of specific point mutations in the virus is therefore lessened.</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

Tebuconazole is a triazole fungicide with action on fungal cell membranes by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and is used for controlling fungal diseases in crops like cereals and vegetables.

Anti-viral; HIV integrase inhibitor

Posaconazole is an antifungal agent that inhibits the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme which is responsible for the synthesis of the fungal cell wall component, ergosterol. This demethylase enzyme synthesizes ergosterol through converting lanosterol to ergosterol. Therefore Posaconazole prevents the formation of fungal cell walls with the appropriate membrane permeability thus leading to fungal cell lysis. Posaconazole can be used as an antifungal drug to treat opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV patients. Moreover it is shown to inflict its inhibitory activity against common pathogenic fungus such as Candida and Aspergillus species but also Mucorales and some Fusarium species, which are less common.

Tosufloxacin toluenesulfonate hydrate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections, particularly respiratory infections.

<p>Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug used to treat several types of dermatophytosis (ringworm). This includes fungal infections of the nails, scalp and the skin when antifungal creams have not worked. It is suggested that it prevents nuclear acid production and fungal cell mitosis. Additionally, through binding to alpha and beta tubulin, it interferes with the function of the spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules.</p>

BMS 806 is an antiretroviral agent and is used for the treatment of HIV. It inhibits the fusion of the HIV virus with the host cell membrane.

<p>Seco erythromycin is a derivative of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin, which originates from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. As a semi-synthetic compound, it retains the core lactone ring structure of erythromycin, but modifications in its chemical configuration confer distinct properties. Seco erythromycin operates by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. This action effectively halts bacterial growth by preventing the translocation of peptides and thus impairs protein assembly.</p>

<p>Viramidine is a nucleotide analogue prodrug, which is derived from naturally occurring nucleosides, specifically optimized for enhanced therapeutic profiles. Its mode of action involves conversion into ribavirin triphosphate within the body. This active form inhibits viral RNA polymerase, a critical enzyme necessary for viral replication. By disrupting the synthesis of viral RNA, Viramidine effectively reduces viral proliferation within host cells.</p>