Antimicrobici

<p>Lipoxamycin (hemisulfate) is a complex polyketide acting as an antimicrobial and antitumor agent, derived from a specific strain of soil-derived Actinomycetes. Its mode of action centers on the disruption of protein synthesis, specifically targeting tumor cells by inhibiting key enzymes required for cell growth and replication. The compound's structure, featuring multiple heterocyclic rings and functional groups, allows it to effectively bind to its molecular targets, inducing apoptosis in malignant cells.</p>

<p>Antibacterial agent with the ability to permeate bacterial membranes and cause cell death. Colistin is a cationic peptide also known as polymyxin E. Colistin is effective in multidrug resistant Gram-positive bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae.</p>

<p>(S,S)-Valifenalate is a chemical compound that serves as a systemic fungicide, a class of products designed to prevent or eliminate fungal diseases in plants. It is synthetically derived, indicating that its molecular structure is chemically engineered rather than extracted from natural sources. The compound operates by disrupting the fungal life cycle, specifically interfering with cell wall biosynthesis, ultimately inhibiting the growth and reproduction of fungal pathogens.</p>

<p>Desciclovir is an antiviral agent, which is a synthetic nucleoside analog derived from guanine. Its mode of action involves the selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase, leading to the termination of viral DNA chain elongation. By mimicking the natural substrates of the viral nucleic acid synthesis machinery, Desciclovir effectively disrupts the replication of viral genetic material, impeding the proliferation of the virus within the host cells.</p>

<p>Nifedipine is a pharmaceutical compound belonging to the class of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, which is synthetically derived. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of calcium ions entering vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells, leading to vasodilation. By blocking these channels, it reduces peripheral vascular resistance, thereby decreasing blood pressure and easing cardiac workload.</p>

Omadacycline mesylate is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a semi-synthetic derivative from the natural product tetracycline with enhanced stability and efficacy. It functions by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This prevents the addition of amino acids to the nascent peptide chain, effectively halting bacterial growth.

<p>Enrofloxacin HCl is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from chemical synthesis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, critical enzymes in bacterial DNA replication and transcription processes. This action disrupts bacterial cellular division and transcription, leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Showdomycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces showdoensis*. The mode of action of Showdomycin involves its role as a nucleoside analog that disrupts nucleic acid synthesis by incorporating itself into the nucleic acid chains during replication and transcription, thereby impairing cellular functions.</p>

<p>N-Desisobutyl-N-propyl rifabutin is a synthetic derivative of rifabutin, which is an antibiotic belonging to the rifamycin class. This compound is sourced from modifications of the parent molecule rifabutin, itself derived from the rifamycin family produced by the bacterium Amycolatopsis, traditionally used for its antimicrobial properties. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase, effectively preventing the transcription process necessary for bacterial replication and protein synthesis. This disruption of RNA synthesis provides potent antimicrobial activity.</p>

<p>Coronarin D ethyl ether is a diterpenoid compound, which is derived from the plant Hedychium coronarium, also known as white ginger lily. This compound belongs to a class of naturally occurring chemicals with complex polycyclic structures. The source of Coronarin D ethyl ether is the rhizome of Hedychium coronarium, which is part of the Zingiberaceae family. These plants are often studied for their bioactive properties and potential therapeutic applications.</p>

Meldonium is a cardiovascular drug, which is a synthetic compound originating from Latvia. It functions by modulating carnitine metabolism, leading to decreased fatty acid oxidation and augmented glucose oxidation. This shift in energy substrate helps to improve energy efficiency, particularly under conditions of ischemia, which can prevent ischemic damage by balancing oxygen supply and demand.

<p>Vicriviroc is an investigational pharmaceutical compound, specifically classified as an HIV entry inhibitor. It originates from a synthetic source, designed to target the CCR5 co-receptor on human immune cells. The mode of action involves blocking this co-receptor, thereby preventing the HIV virus from binding and fusing with the host cell membrane. This inhibition effectively obstructs the virus's ability to enter and infect the host cells, particularly those within the chemokine receptor family.</p>

<p>Cephalosporin antibiotic active against gram-positive bacteria including MRSA</p>

<p>Oligomycin A is a macrolide antibiotic, which is isolated from the Streptomyces species of bacteria. Its mode of action involves inhibiting ATP synthase by binding to the F_O subunit of the enzyme complex in the mitochondrial membrane. This binding effectively stops the flow of protons across the membrane, which is critical for ATP generation through oxidative phosphorylation.</p>

<p>Clindamycin 4-phosphate is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, which is a derivative of the natural antibiotic lincomycin. It is specifically synthesized from Streptomyces lincolnensis cultures. The mode of action of Clindamycin 4-phosphate involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thus preventing peptide chain elongation and subsequent bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Erythromycin F is an antibiotic, which is a naturally derived product obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces erythreus*. It operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. This binding effectively blocks the translocation steps in protein elongation, thus preventing the growth and multiplication of susceptible bacteria.</p>

<p>9-(Tetrahydro-5-methyl-2-furyl)adenine is a synthetic cytokinin, which is a type of plant growth regulator. This compound is derived from chemical synthesis, rather than extraction from natural sources. The mode of action involves promoting cell division and differentiation in plant tissues, primarily by enhancing the synthesis of proteins crucial for growth and development.</p>

7-(3-Aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid, hydrate, hydrochloride is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic antimicrobial compound. It operates by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes critical for the replication, transcription, and repair processes of bacterial DNA. This disruption in DNA activity leads to cell death, providing its bactericidal effect.

<p>Sofosbuvir impurity J is a chemical impurity that arises during the synthesis of Sofosbuvir, an antiviral medication primarily used in the treatment of hepatitis C. This impurity is a byproduct produced during the manufacturing process of Sofosbuvir, originating from its chemical synthesis pathway.</p>

<p>Sofosbuvir impurity M is a chemical impurity, which is a by-product identified during the synthesis and manufacturing of the antiviral drug Sofosbuvir. This impurity originates from the complex chemical reactions involved in the production of nucleoside analogues, which are crucial in the formation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; macrolide class</p>

<p>Sitafloxacin is an antibacterial agent belonging to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics, which is synthetically derived from chemical processes involving fluorinated quinolones. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for bacterial DNA replication and transcription. By interfering with these enzymes, Sitafloxacin effectively hampers bacterial DNA synthesis, leading to the eventual demise of the bacterial cell.</p>

<p>MMV008138 is an antimalarial compound, which is a synthetic chemical entity derived from medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at targeting malaria. The source of MMV008138 is the pharmaceutical research pipeline focused on identifying new antimalarial agents. It operates by inhibiting the Plasmodium falciparum enzyme PfNDH2, an essential component in the parasite’s respiratory chain, disrupting its energy production capabilities and ultimately leading to parasite death.</p>

<p>Tigecycline mesylate is a novel glycylcycline antibiotic, which is a derivative of the tetracycline class of antibiotics. It is a semi-synthetic product derived from minocycline, exhibiting a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Tigecycline mesylate functions through the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It achieves this by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the incorporation of amino acid residues into elongating peptide chains, a crucial step in protein production.</p>

<p>Filipin III is a polyene macrolide antibiotic, which is extracted from Streptomyces filipinensis. Known for its unique mode of action, Filipin III interferes with cholesterol-rich membranes by binding to ergosterol and cholesterol. This interaction disrupts the membrane structure, altering membrane permeability and ultimately affecting cell viability.</p>

<p>N-Demethyl rifampin is a metabolite of rifampin, which is a natural product derivative. Rifampin itself is a well-known antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Amycolatopsis rifamycinica*. N-Demethyl rifampin is formed through the metabolic process where rifampin undergoes demethylation. This transformation occurs primarily in the liver, mediated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.</p>

<p>Puromycin-D3 is a deuterium-labeled antibiotic, which is synthetically derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces alboniger*, with three hydrogen atoms replaced by deuterium. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis by mimicking the aminoacyl end of tRNA, causing premature chain termination during translation on ribosomes. This mechanism specifically targets growing peptides in cells, making it a valuable tool for studying protein synthesis.</p>

<p>(E)-10,11-Didehydro-11-deoxy-6-O-methylerythromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from erythromycin, a natural product obtained from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. This compound functions as an inhibitor of protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria, thus preventing the growth and proliferation of susceptible bacterial strains. The alteration in its chemical structure, notably the methylation at the 6-O position, enhances its stability and improves its pharmacokinetic profile compared to the parent compound, erythromycin.</p>

<p>Cephalexin hydrochloride is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a type of beta-lactam antibiotic. It is derived from the fungus Acremonium, previously known as Cephalosporium, with a bactericidal mode of action. This compound works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Specifically, it binds to one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which in turn disrupts the final stages of bacterial cell wall formation and results in cell lysis mediated through autolytic enzyme action.</p>

<p>25-Desacetyl rifapentin is a derivative of rifapentin, an antibiotic belonging to the rifamycin class, sourced from the bacterial species *Amycolatopsis rifamycinica*. This compound functions by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is crucial for transcription in susceptible bacterial strains. By inhibiting this enzyme, 25-Desacetyl rifapentin effectively hampers RNA synthesis, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Vancomycin CDP-1 is a degradation product of vancomycin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research for analytical method development and validation.</p>

<p>Polymyxin E2 sulfate is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Paenibacillus polymyxa*. This compound acts by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, specifically interacting with the lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer membrane, leading to increased permeability and eventual cell death. It primarily targets gram-negative bacteria, making it effective against a range of pathogens responsible for serious infections.</p>

6-[[(2R)-3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxiranyl]methyl]-7-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one is a synthetic anticoagulant compound, which is a derivative of naturally occurring plant metabolites known as coumarins. Coumarins are prevalent in various plant species and are recognized for their diverse biological activities, including anticoagulant properties. Structurally modified to enhance efficacy and specificity, this compound acts by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, a critical enzyme in the blood coagulation pathway. This results in reduced synthesis of active clotting factors, ultimately decreasing the tendency for blood clot formation.

Sisunatovir hydrochloride is an antiviral agent, which is a synthetic compound with a mechanism of action specifically targeting the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). As a potent inhibitor, Sisunatovir hydrochloride interferes with the viral replication process by binding to a specific protein essential for the virus's ability to replicate within host cells.

Pivmecillinam hydrochloride is an antibacterial prodrug, which is derived from the source compound mecillinam, a beta-lactam antibiotic. It functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, specifically targeting the penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2). This affinity leads to a weakening of the bacterial cell wall, causing cell lysis and death, particularly in gram-negative bacteria.

Carbophenothion-methyl-sulfoxide is an organophosphate sulfoxide compound, which is synthesized as a sulfoxide derivative from other organophosphate precursors. It acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, disrupting the normal function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is critical for nerve signal transmission in insects. This disruption leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine and subsequent insect paralysis and death. Carbophenothion-methyl-sulfoxide is primarily used in agricultural settings to target a broad spectrum of insect pests that affect crops. Its application can significantly reduce pest populations, ensuring crop protection and yield preservation. Being a sulfoxide variant, it may possess distinctive physicochemical properties that confer specific environmental behavior and degradation pathways compared to its non-sulfoxide counterparts. Proper handling and application are essential to minimize potential ecological impacts, including non-target species effects and resistance development.

<p>Fibracillin is a bioengineered peptide, which is derived from specifically modified bacterial strains with advanced genetic manipulation techniques. Its mode of action involves the stimulation of fibroblast activity through targeted binding to cellular receptors, promoting collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix formation. This action facilitates the regeneration of connective tissues and supports wound healing processes.</p>

<p>Rolitetracycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, which is derived from the natural compound tetracycline. It functions primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. This is achieved through the binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, effectively blocking the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby preventing the addition of new amino acids to the nascent peptide chain. As a result, bacterial cell growth is inhibited, leading to bacteriostatic effects.</p>

<p>2'-Deoxycoformycin is a potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor, which is derived from the fermentation of Streptomyces antibioticus, a species of actinomycete bacteria. This compound acts by specifically inhibiting the enzyme adenosine deaminase, leading to an accumulation of toxic deoxyadenosine triphosphate in lymphocytes. This buildup hinders DNA synthesis, effectively suppressing the proliferation of lymphoid cells.</p>

<p>Mecillinam is a beta-lactam antibiotic specifically designed for use in culture media. It is derived from the amidinopenicillin family, featuring a unique ability to interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis. Its mode of action involves inhibiting penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2), an essential enzyme for cell wall elongation and maintenance in Gram-negative bacteria. This targeted inhibition results in the formation of spherical cells and subsequent cell lysis.</p>

<p>Chlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis through binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This mechanism effectively impedes the growth and replication of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Azaconazole is a systemic fungicide, which is derived from synthetic chemical processes, specifically within the class of triazoles. This compound functions by interfering with the biosynthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. By inhibiting the cytochrome P450 enzyme 14α-demethylase, azaconazole disrupts the production of ergosterol, thereby compromising membrane integrity and inhibiting fungal growth.</p>

N-Hexylsilane is a silane compound, which is an organosilicon chemical with a hexyl group attached to silicon. This type of product is synthesized through hydroalkoxysilanes in the presence of catalysts. Its mode of action involves acting as a hydrophobic agent, reacting with hydroxyl groups on surfaces to create a silicon-oxygen-silicon link that confers water-resistance properties.

<p>Spiramycin hexanedioate is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces ambofaciens*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This interaction results in the interruption of bacterial growth and reproduction, particularly effective against Gram-positive organisms.</p>

Validamycin E is an antifungal antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of trehalase, an enzyme crucial for the hydrolysis of trehalose into glucose, disrupting essential energy pathways in fungi. By inhibiting trehalase, Validamycin E effectively interferes with the growth and development of fungal pathogens.

<p>Sordarin sodium salt is an antifungal agent, characterized as a semisynthetic derivative produced from the fermentation products of filamentous fungi, specifically belonging to the phylum Ascomycota. This compound exerts its effects by selectively inhibiting fungal protein synthesis. It achieves this by obstructing the function of elongation factor 2 (EF-2), an essential component of fungal ribosomal activity, thereby disrupting the translational elongation step of protein synthesis.</p>

Tenatoprazole sodium is a proton pump inhibitor, which is a synthetic pharmaceutical compound designed to selectively inhibit the hydrogen-potassium ATPase enzyme in the gastric parietal cells. This enzyme is essential for the final step of gastric acid production. Originating from organic chemical synthesis processes, Tenatoprazole sodium features a unique imidazopyridine structure, distinguishing it from other members of the proton pump inhibitor class such as omeprazole, which belongs to the benzimidazole family.

<p>Aureothin is a bioactive compound, classified as a polyketide antibiotic, which is derived from the culture of the bacterium Streptomyces thioluteus. This compound operates primarily through the inhibition of protein synthesis by interfering with the aminoacylation of tRNA with specific amino acids. Its mode of action disrupts cellular protein synthesis, which is essential for cell growth and function, leading to its potent antibacterial and antifungal activities.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of DNA replication; aminoglycoside class</p>

Thienamycin p-nitrobenzyl ester, N-methylpyrrolidinone hydrochloride is a synthetic compound commonly utilized in biochemical research, particularly in the study of beta-lactam antibiotics. It is derived through synthetic pathways involving the modification of thienamycin, a naturally occurring beta-lactam antibiotic, to enhance its stability and facilitate its study in various experimental settings. This modification allows for investigation into the structure-activity relationships and potential enhancements of antibiotic function.