Antimicrobici

Tebuthiuron-N-hydroxymethyl is a derivative herbicide, primarily sourced from synthetic chemical processes. It functions as a broad-spectrum soil-active herbicide with systemic properties. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of photosynthesis by disrupting electron transport in the chloroplasts, thereby stunting plant growth and effectively controlling a wide range of vegetation.

<p>Fenamiphos-sulfoxide d3 (S-methyl d3) is a deuterated, labeled pesticide intermediate, which is often utilized in advanced laboratory settings for precise analytical studies. This compound is synthesized as a stable isotope-labeled analog, enabling researchers to conduct sophisticated mass spectrometric analyses. Its mode of action involves serving as a reference or tracer in studies concerning the metabolism and degradation of fenamiphos, a well-known organophosphate pesticide.</p>

<p>Cefquinome is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a fourth-generation cephalosporin. It is derived from the β-lactam class of antibiotics and is specifically designed for veterinary applications. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. This action is facilitated through the binding of cefquinome to penicillin-binding proteins, which undermines the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls, proving effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Desmethyl doxorubicin oxalate is an anthracycline-type chemotherapeutic agent, which is derived from the naturally occurring antibiotic doxorubicin. This compound comprises a desmethylated form of doxorubicin combined with oxalate. Its mode of action involves intercalating DNA strands and inhibiting topoisomerase II, thereby disrupting DNA replication and transcription. This interference leads to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.</p>

BPH-1358 is a novel synthetic inhibitor, which is derived from a series of advanced chemoinformatics-based design strategies. It functions through the targeted binding to specific cell surface receptors involved in the modulation of immune responses. By blocking these receptors, BPH-1358 effectively alters signaling pathways that are crucial for immune activation and inflammatory responses.

N,N′-1,2-Ethanediylbis[3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide] is a chemical compound, specifically a bis-sulfonamide derivative. It is synthesized through the reaction of sulfonamide derivatives with ethylenediamine, resulting in a unique structure characterized by its two nitrobenzenesulfonamide groups linked by an ethylene bridge. As a source, it is obtained through synthetic organic chemistry methods involving nitration and sulfonamidation processes.

SARS-CoV-IN-1 is a small-molecule inhibitor, which is a synthetic compound designed to interfere with viral replication. This compound is sourced through rigorous combinatorial chemistry methods, enabling the precise targeting of viral enzymes. SARS-CoV-IN-1 specifically inhibits the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), an essential enzyme responsible for processing viral polyproteins into functional units necessary for virus replication.

<p>Acequinocyl-hydroxy is an acaricide, which is a chemical agent used to manage and control mite populations in various agricultural settings. It is derived from a combination of synthetic organic compounds designed specifically to disrupt the normal biological processes of target pests. The mode of action of Acequinocyl-hydroxy involves interference with the mitochondrial electron transport chain of mites, ultimately disrupting cellular respiration and leading to the death of the pest.</p>

Rifampicin is a drug that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria and is used to treat tuberculosis. Rifampicin binds to the beta subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase, inhibiting transcription and translation. It has been shown to inhibit the acetylcholine receptor function in rats, which may be related to its antituberculosis activity. Histopathological studies have shown that rifampicin inhibits the growth of human tumors in mice, including lung cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia. The drug is also being studied for its potential use in treating Alzheimer's disease. The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of rifampicin have been studied and Rifampicin has been shown to be an effective anti-tuberculosis drug.

<p>8-Oxo-GTP, also known as 8-Hydroxy-GTP, is a nucleotide analog, which is synthetically derived. It closely resembles the naturally occurring guanosine triphosphate (GTP) but contains a modified 8-hydroxy group, making it a valuable tool for studying oxidative damage and nucleotide modification processes.</p>

Thiabendazole NH d6 is a deuterated derivative of Thiabendazole, which is an antifungal agent and pesticide. It is derived from synthetic sources, specifically designed by incorporating deuterium atoms into the molecular structure. This subtle isotopic modification enhances its utility in research settings, particularly in studies related to pharmacokinetics and metabolic profiling. The mode of action of Thiabendazole involves the inhibition of the enzyme fumarate reductase, interfering with the energy metabolism of fungal and parasitic organisms. Additionally, it disrupts microtubule formation, preventing cell division and growth.

<p>Sanfetrinem cilexetil is an oral prodrug, which is derived from trinem antibiotics, a subgroup of β-lactams. It is a synthetic compound developed to enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of its active form, sanfetrinem. Upon oral administration, sanfetrinem cilexetil undergoes hydrolysis in the digestive tract to release the active β-lactam antibiotic, sanfetrinem.</p>

Nicotinamide is an amide form of vitamin B3, which is a water-soluble vitamin derived from dietary sources such as meat, fish, and yeast. In cellular biology, it functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a critical coenzyme in redox reactions and energy production within the cells. Nicotinamide facilitates the transfer of electrons in metabolic processes, contributing to ATP production and cellular respiration. Moreover, it plays a pivotal role in DNA repair and cellular signaling through the regulation of sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs).

<p>Fosmanogepix is a novel antifungal prodrug, which is derived from manogepix. This product is a synthetic compound, designed to target invasive fungal infections through its unique mechanism of action. The prodrug itself is inactive until metabolized in the body, where it converts into its active form, manogepix. This activation occurs through enzymatic hydrolysis, enabling it to exert its antifungal effects.</p>

<p>Cephradine is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of cephalosporin C, originating from the mold Cephalosporium acremonium. Its mode of action involves interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cephradine binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, inhibiting the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis, which leads to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Cefacetrile sodium is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the cephalosporin class. It is a semi-synthetic derivative sourced from cephalosporin C, a naturally occurring compound derived from the Acremonium fungus. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. This occurs by binding to penicillin-binding proteins within the bacterial cell membrane, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death due to the inability to synthesize peptidoglycan, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall.</p>

Erythromycin derivative

<p>Carbovir monophosphate is an antiviral agent, which is a metabolite derived from the prodrug abacavir. It functions as a nucleotide analog that interferes with viral replication. The source of Carbovir monophosphate is the metabolic conversion of abacavir, an antiretroviral medication used in the treatment of HIV. This conversion occurs primarily in the liver, facilitated by cellular enzymes.</p>

Darunavir-D9 is a prodrug of darunavir, which is an HIV protease inhibitor. Darunavir-D9 has been shown to be bioequivalent in pharmacokinetic parameters to darunavir given as a tablet. The drug exhibits a low plasma concentration profile and high clearance values. This may be due to rapid absorption and distribution of the drug, with a short elimination half-life. Darunavir-D9 also has little effect on the matrix effect and reproducibility of the reaction monitoring assay, making it an ideal candidate for use in clinical trials.

<p>Zabofloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is derived from chemical synthesis with a distinct bactericidal mode of action. Its mechanism involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes critical for DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This dual targeting results in potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.</p>

Plant growth regulator

<p>N'-Desmethyl azithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative antibiotic, which is derived from the chemical modification of azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic sourced originally from the bacterium *Streptomyces erythreus*. It functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, binding specifically to the 50S ribosomal subunit, which results in the prevention of transpeptidation and translocation processes during translation. This action effectively halts bacterial growth, rendering it bacteriostatic.</p>

Indaziflam-desindenyl is an advanced herbicide, which is a product of synthetic chemistry, specifically designed for controlling the germination and growth of a broad spectrum of weed species. It operates through cellulose biosynthesis inhibition, targeting the cellulose production in plant cell walls, thus preventing proper cell division and development. This mode of action disrupts essential mechanisms in the plant's early growth stages, making it particularly effective as a pre-emergent herbicide.

<p>Butafenacil is a herbicide, which is a chemical formulation sourced from synthetic compounds. It acts by inhibiting protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), an enzyme critical in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. This inhibition disrupts the photosynthetic process, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species that cause cell membrane damage and ultimately result in plant death.</p>

<p>Tuberculosis inhibitor 3 is a synthesized chemical compound designed to target the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which is the causative agent of tuberculosis. This inhibitor is derived through advanced chemical synthesis techniques, involving the modification of specific molecular structures to enhance its binding affinity and specificity toward the bacterial cellular targets.</p>

<p>Baumycin C1 is an anthracycline-type antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces coeruleorubidus*. The mode of action of Baumycin C1 involves intercalating into DNA strands, thereby disrupting the process of DNA synthesis and replication. This intercalation results in the inhibition of topoisomerase II, an enzyme crucial for DNA unwinding, leading to the generation of double-strand breaks and subsequent interruption of cellular proliferation.</p>

Duocarmycin MA is a cytotoxic compound, which is a derivative of natural products isolated from bacteria of the Streptomyces genus. Its mode of action involves the alkylation of DNA, leading to the cleavage of the DNA helix and ultimately resulting in cell apoptosis. This process is highly selective for adenine-thymine rich regions, allowing it to precisely target and disrupt cancerous cells.

<p>8-Fluoro erythromycin is a synthetic derivative of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin. It is derived from the fermentation of *Streptomyces erythraeus*, a species known for producing erythromycin, which is chemically modified to include a fluorine atom at the eighth position. This modification enhances its pharmacokinetic properties, improving its stability and bioavailability compared to the parent compound.</p>

<p>WF-3681 is a chemical compound utilized as an insecticide, which is synthesized from organic compounds through a controlled chemical process. The mode of action for WF-3681 involves the disruption of the neural pathways in target insects, leading to paralysis and eventual death. This mechanism specifically interferes with neurotransmitter functions, ensuring efficacy against a broad range of agricultural pests. The compound's specificity minimizes impacts on non-target organisms and the surrounding environment.</p>

A2ti-2 is an advanced metallurgical alloy, which is a synthesized product combining high-grade titanium and aluminum elements. It is engineered through a precise metallurgical process that involves controlled alloying at elevated temperatures, optimizing the atomic structure for superior performance traits. The mode of action for A2ti-2 involves its exceptional ability to maintain stability under extreme temperatures, providing resistance to thermal degradation and mechanical stress.

<p>FGI 106 is an antifungal agent, which is derived from natural sources with a mechanism of action involving disruption of fungal cell wall integrity. The compound is isolated from naturally occurring substances, specifically targeting the structural components of the cell walls in various fungal species. By compromising the protective barrier of the cell wall, FGI 106 effectively inhibits fungal growth and proliferation, making it a potent tool against a variety of fungal pathogens.</p>

<p>2'-O-Acetylspiramycin I is a semi-synthetic derivative of spiramycin, which is a macrolide antibiotic originally sourced from the bacterium *Streptomyces ambofaciens*. The modification involves the acetylation at the 2'-hydroxyl group of spiramycin, enhancing certain pharmacokinetic properties.</p>

Uniconazole is a synthetic plant growth regulator, which is derived from triazole compounds. It acts as a potent inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, specifically targeting enzymes involved in gibberellin production. By inhibiting gibberellins, uniconazole reduces internode elongation and alters growth patterns, resulting in shorter, more compact plants.

<p>Sultasin is a combination antibiotic product, which is derived from the synthesis of sulbactam, a β-lactamase inhibitor, and ampicillin, a β-lactam antibiotic. The mode of action of Sultasin involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Ampicillin works by attaching to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) inside the bacterial cell wall, disrupting the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis, which leads to cell lysis. Sulbactam enhances the efficacy of ampicillin by inhibiting β-lactamase enzymes produced by resistant bacterial strains, thereby preventing the degradation of the antibiotic.</p>

<p>Albendazole-2-aminosulfoxide is a metabolite of the benzimidazole class of antiparasitic agents, which is derived from the biotransformation of albendazole in the liver. As a potent bioactive compound, its mode of action primarily involves the selective binding to the β-tubulin of parasitic organisms, disrupting the polymerization of microtubules necessary for their cellular structures. This disruption impedes vital processes such as glucose uptake and cellular division, leading to parasite death.</p>

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<p>Mitomycin D is an antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agent known for its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis, making it a potent antitumor agent. It is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces caespitosus*. Mitomycin D functions as a DNA crosslinking agent by alkylating the DNA strands, which interferes with DNA replication and transcription. This mechanism leads to the cessation of cellular division and ultimately induces apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Cycloxydim-sulfone-glutaric acid is a synthesized herbicide, which is a derivative of cycloxydim, a cyclohexanedione compound. It is characterized by its ability to effectively inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme crucial in fatty acid biosynthesis within plant systems. The source of this compound is primarily through complex chemical synthesis processes that combine its constituent elements to enhance its stability and efficacy as a herbicide.</p>

<p>Aclacinomycin HCl is a cytotoxic antibiotic that inhibits the growth of tumor cells. It has been shown to induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells by altering the transmembrane potential and inhibiting cell proliferation. Aclacinomycin HCl also induces DNA damage response, which leads to caspase activities and cell death. This drug is highly selective for tumor cells, with no effect on normal cells. It has been shown to be effective against primary liver cancer in animal models, as well as developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD).</p>

Fosfomycin calcium monohydrate is an antibacterial agent, derived from Streptomyces species. This compound functions as a structural analog of phosphoenolpyruvate, interfering with cell wall synthesis. Specifically, it targets and irreversibly inhibits the enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA), which is critical in the early stages of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. This inhibition prevents the formation of peptidoglycan, leading to bacterial cell lysis.

<p>Neticonazole is a synthetic antifungal compound, which is derived from pharmaceutical chemical synthesis. It functions primarily as an imidazole derivative, disrupting the synthesis of ergosterol, a crucial component of fungal cell membranes. This interference leads to increased cell membrane permeability, ultimately causing cell lysis and death of the fungal organism.</p>

Acivicin hydrochloride is a synthetic compound that acts as a glutamine antagonist, sourced from microbial fermentation processes. It functions primarily through the inhibition of glutamine-utilizing enzymes, such as gamma-glutamyl transferase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, which play critical roles in nucleotide biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. By disrupting these biochemical processes, Acivicin hydrochloride can hinder the proliferation of rapidly dividing cells, displaying potential antitumor properties.

<p>Gatifloxacin hydrate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is synthesized chemically. It exerts its bactericidal effects primarily by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are crucial for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. By preventing these processes, gatifloxacin effectively halts bacterial cell division, ultimately leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Propicillin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that has been shown to be effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Propicillin belongs to the group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is a particle that is soluble in water and lipid. Propicillin does not inhibit the growth of Streptococcus species, but does cause cell lysis by attaching to fatty acids on the surface of cells. Propicillin also inhibits microbial infection by inhibiting enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis. The human serum pharmacokinetics of propicillin have been studied and found to be similar to those of ampicillin, which allows for use as an intravenous drug in humans. The pharmacokinetics, biochemical properties, and cellular mechanisms are complex, but it is known that propicillin binds to bacterial ribosomes and inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the peptidyl transferase centre on the ribosome.</p>

<p>Inducer of DNA strand breaks; glycopeptide antibiotic, anti-neoplastic</p>

<p>Dimethenamid-oxalamid is a pre-emergent herbicide, which is a synthetic compound developed for agricultural use. It is derived from research focused on improving crop protection through chemical innovation. The mode of action involves inhibiting the synthesis of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in weeds, disrupting their cell division and growth processes, ultimately leading to the prevention of weed emergence.</p>

<p>7-epi-Clindamycin is a clindamycin derivative, which is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This results in the suppression of bacterial growth, making it effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic species.</p>

Hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor

<p>Propiconazole is a triazole fungicide with action on fungal cell membranes by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and is used for controlling fungal diseases in crops and turf.</p>

<p>Quinthiophos is an organophosphate insecticide, which is synthesized chemically. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is critical in nerve function. By disrupting this enzyme, quinthiophos causes an accumulation of acetylcholine at the synapses, leading to continual nerve signal transmission, paralysis, and eventual death of the targeted pests.</p>