Antimicrobici

Metabolite of rifampicin

Butirosin disulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from a strain of *Bacillus circulans*. Its primary mode of action involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. This interaction results in the misreading of mRNA, ultimately causing bactericidal effects.

Desmethyl ferroquine is an antimalarial compound, which is a derivative of ferroquine. It is synthesized through chemical modification processes, specifically designed to enhance its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. This compound exhibits its mode of action by compromising the integrity of the Plasmodium parasite's digestive vacuole. By doing so, it disrupts heme detoxification, which is crucial for the parasite’s survival within red blood cells.

Cladosporin is a secondary metabolite and natural product, specifically a fungal cyclodepsipeptide, which is isolated from the fungus *Cladosporium cladosporioides*. It exhibits its mode of action by selectively inhibiting the lysyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme in the Plasmodium species, the causative agent of malaria. This inhibition disrupts the protein synthesis pathway crucial for the survival and proliferation of the parasite.

Antimicrobial Compound 1 is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, which is derived from natural sources, specifically from marine bacteria with known potent antimicrobial properties. This compound acts by targeting and disrupting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, specifically inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linking, which ultimately leads to cell lysis and death due to osmotic instability. Such a mechanism offers a robust approach to tackling Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Bromobutide-desbromo is a chemical compound that functions as a selective herbicide. It is derived from synthetic sources and is specifically formulated to interfere with photosynthesis in target plants. The mode of action of bromobutide-desbromo involves inhibiting photosystem II, a crucial component of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in plants. This inhibition disrupts the energy conversion process, leading to a decrease in ATP and NADPH production, which are essential for plant growth.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; glycylcycline class

Gatifloxacin related compound E is a chemical reference standard, which is often used in pharmaceutical and analytical chemistry research for the identification and quantification of impurities. It is generally synthesized or isolated as part of the quality control and validation process for the production of the antibiotic Gatifloxacin. The mode of action of this compound revolves around its structural similarity to Gatifloxacin, which allows it to serve as a benchmark to ensure the accuracy and reliability of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other analytical techniques.

Clindamycin 2-palmitate sulfoxide is a semisynthetic antibiotic, which is a derivative of clindamycin. It originates from lincomycin, a natural antibiotic produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. This compound functions as a prodrug, which is converted into its active form in the body. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome, thereby preventing the growth and replication of susceptible bacteria.

Cephamycin C is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a type of β-lactam antibiotic. It is derived from the fermentation process of certain Streptomyces species and other actinomycetes. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This inhibition disrupts the structural integrity of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.

(R)-Ambrisentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist, which is a pharmacological agent derived synthetically to target and inhibit specific cellular pathways. It is primarily utilized in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), where it plays a crucial role in modulating vascular function. The mode of action of (R)-Ambrisentan involves selective antagonism of the endothelin type A (ETA) receptors, which are responsible for vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. By blocking these receptors, it mitigates the effects of endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, thus reducing blood pressure and improving blood flow in pulmonary arteries.

PC 190723 is a synthetic chemical compound, which is derived through targeted chemical synthesis processes involving precise organic reactions. Its mode of action involves disrupting cellular division by inhibiting specific protein functions essential for the mitotic process. This molecular interaction results in potent effects on cell division, making it a valuable tool for studying cellular mechanics and developing therapeutic strategies.

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2-(2-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl benzoate is a synthetic chemical compound, classified as an organic ester. It originates from the reaction between benzoic acid and a derivative of nitroimidazole, a class of compounds known for their bioactivity. The molecular framework includes a benzoate ester linked to an imidazole ring, which is substituted with nitro and methyl groups, contributing to its unique characteristics.

Parvodicin C2 is a natural antibiotic compound, which is derived from the fermentation of specific actinomycete strains. This antibiotic functions through the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis, specifically targeting the ribosomal subunits and leading to disruption in the peptide chain elongation process. The targeted mode of action allows it to effectively limit the replication and survival of susceptible bacterial strains.

InteriotherinA is a bioactive compound, which is derived from specific strains of bacteria. It operates through a sophisticated mode of action that involves modulating the activity of nerve cells by binding to particular receptors on their membranes. This interaction can alter ion channel function, thereby influencing the electrochemical signaling within these cells.

(E)-Ceftriaxone disodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of the fungus Acremonium. This semi-synthetic antibiotic works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It achieves this by binding to the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial cell membrane, which ultimately interferes with peptidoglycan cross-linking, leading to cell lysis and death.

2-Amino-5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidin-4-ol is a synthetic pyrimidine derivative, which is meticulously engineered through organic synthesis pathways. This compound emerges from a tailored chemical reaction involving the strategic manipulation of a pyrimidine core to incorporate specific functional groups. The unique structural configuration of this molecule allows it to interact with biological macromolecules, primarily through hydrogen bonding and pi-pi interactions, potentially influencing biochemical pathways.

Telavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin. Its source is derived through modifications of the glycopeptide antibiotic, specifically aimed to enhance antibacterial activity. Telavancin functions by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It does this by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursors, disrupting peptidoglycan polymerization and, consequently, cell wall integrity. Additionally, Telavancin increases membrane permeability and disrupts membrane potential, further enhancing its bactericidal activity.

Levomekol is a topical antibiotic ointment, which is a synthesized pharmaceutical product with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It contains chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, and methyluracil, which promotes tissue repair and regeneration. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible microorganisms, effectively curbing bacterial growth and proliferation. Concurrently, methyluracil stimulates leukocyte activity and enhances the healing process by promoting cellular regeneration and collagen production.

Butafenacil is a herbicide, which is a chemical formulation sourced from synthetic compounds. It acts by inhibiting protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), an enzyme critical in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. This inhibition disrupts the photosynthetic process, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species that cause cell membrane damage and ultimately result in plant death.

Formycin A is a nucleoside analog, which is an antibiotic product derived from certain Streptomyces species. Its mode of action involves mimicking adenosine, one of the four nucleosides in RNA. By doing so, it interferes with the RNA processing of certain microorganisms, ultimately disrupting their ability to synthesize proteins effectively. This interference results in the inhibition of bacterial and parasitic growth.

Dimethenamid-ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) sodium is a herbicide metabolite, which is derived from Dimethenamid, an active ingredient in pre-emergent herbicides used for controlling grass and broadleaf weeds. The compound is formed through the metabolic degradation of the parent herbicide in soil and plants, largely influenced by microbial activity and environmental conditions.

Erythromycin C is a macrolide antibiotic, which is a type of product derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. It functions by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis through blocking translocation of peptidyl-tRNA. This mode of action effectively prevents bacterial growth and replication, making it a potent bacteriostatic agent.

Nikkomycin Z is an antifungal agent, which is a secondary metabolite isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces tendae. This compound functions as a competitive inhibitor of chitin synthase, an essential enzyme responsible for the synthesis of chitin, a vital component of the fungal cell wall. By inhibiting this enzyme, Nikkomycin Z disrupts the structural integrity of the fungal cell wall, leading to impaired growth and cell lysis in susceptible fungi.

Doxorubicin Impurity 2 is a chemical impurity of doxorubicin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research and quality control.

Oxibendazole-amine hydrochloride is a synthetic anthelmintic compound, which is a derivative of benzimidazole, known for its broad-spectrum efficacy against various helminths. It primarily acts by disrupting the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules, effectively impairing essential cellular structures and functions within parasitic worms, leading to their death.

Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite primarily produced by certain species of the fungi Aspergillus and Bipolaris. This compound exhibits its mode of action by interfering with DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, ultimately disrupting cellular processes. As a precursor to the well-known aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin shares a similar structure and exhibits carcinogenic properties.

Natamycin is a polyene macrolide antifungal agent with action on fungal cell membranes by binding to sterols and is used for treating fungal infections and as a food preservative.

Gentamicin C2 sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.

Cyclosporin V is an immunosuppressant medication with action on calcineurin inhibition and is used for preventing organ rejection in transplants and treating autoimmune diseases.

Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a synthetically derived prodrug of ceftobiprole. Upon administration, ceftobiprole medocaril is rapidly converted into its active form, ceftobiprole, by the body's endogenous esterases. The mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial cell wall, leading to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and ultimately the death of the bacteria. This action is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Doripenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating complicated bacterial infections like intra-abdominal infections and urinary tract infections.

Spiramycin I is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating toxoplasmosis and bacterial infections.

Leptomycin B is a bacterial secondary metabolite, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. This compound is a potent nuclear export inhibitor with a mechanism of action that targets and inhibits the export receptor CRM1 (Chromosomal Maintenance 1), also known as Exportin 1. By binding irreversibly to CRM1, Leptomycin B prevents the nuclear export of proteins and RNA, disrupting the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport essential for cell function.

Oleandomycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces antibioticus*. This antibiotic functions by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. The interruption of this essential process ultimately leads to the cessation of bacterial growth and replication.