Antivirali

<p>Applications Elenolic Acid is an antiviral agent that inhibits reverse transcriptases, inhibited the growth of chicken embryo fibroblast cells as well as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis strains.<br>References Heinze, J.E., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 8, 421 (1975); Renis, H,E..: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 8, 149 (1975)<br></p>

Braco-19 is a telomerase/telomere inhibitor and an inhibitor of HAdV viral replication with antiviral activity that reduces lipid vacuolization in adipocytes, inhibits proliferation and decreases telomerase activity in human glioblastoma cells.

2'-C-beta-Methylguanosine (2'-C-Methylguanosine), with antiviral activity, inhibits dengue virus 2.

<p>Impurity Adapalene USP Related Compound B<br>Applications Adapalene intermediate, an ester of Adapalene. Adapalene USP Related Compound B.<br>References Charpentier, B., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 38, 4993 (1995),<br></p>

<p>Dapivirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with action on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and is used for preventing HIV infection through vaginal rings.</p>

6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide is a potent RNA polymerase inhibitor, active against both RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo. A four-step approach to the synthesis of 6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide was reported in 2014. 6-Fluoro-3-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxamide is commercialized and has recently been suggested for the treatment of mild cases of COVID-19.

Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor

<p>Viramidine is a nucleotide analogue prodrug, which is derived from naturally occurring nucleosides, specifically optimized for enhanced therapeutic profiles. Its mode of action involves conversion into ribavirin triphosphate within the body. This active form inhibits viral RNA polymerase, a critical enzyme necessary for viral replication. By disrupting the synthesis of viral RNA, Viramidine effectively reduces viral proliferation within host cells.</p>

<p>Stavudine is an antiviral, reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used to treat HIV/AIDS. It belongs to the group of nucleoside analogues of thymidine that is converted into stavudine monophosphate. Stavudine works by inhibiting viral replication by preventing the incorporation of viral dNTPs into the growing DNA chain, thus blocking DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; antiviral agent against HIV</p>

<p>Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside-based reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of the reverse transcriptase of HIV-1. It inhibits the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase by binding to its active site. In certain cell culture assays, Efavirenz showed great efficiency when inhibiting wild-type HIV-1 replication. In the treatment of HIV, Efavirenz has been studied in combination with Emtricitabine and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for ease of administration in some clinical studies. Recent in vitro cell studies indicated Efavirenz is a potential treatment for pancreatic, prostate and triple-negative breast cancers due to its cytotoxicity against cancer cells.Efavirenz is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>EIDD 2801 is an orally bioavailable prodrug of β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine and was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells. EIDD 2801 was also tested in mice infected with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses. EIDD 2801 targets the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and reduces virus titer and improved pulmonary function in experimental animals when used in prophylactic and therapeutic regime.</p>

<p>**Ivermectin 8α-hydroperoxide** is a derivative of the antiparasitic agent ivermectin, which is synthesized through chemical modification. Ivermectin originally derives from the fermentation products of the bacterium *Streptomyces avermitilis*. The modification to form 8α-hydroperoxide involves the addition of a hydroperoxide group, potentially altering its biological properties.</p>

<p>Filociclovir is a novel antiviral agent, which is synthesized from small-molecule pharmaceutical compounds. It functions primarily by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, thereby halting viral replication within infected host cells. This mechanism of action is particularly effective against certain herpesviruses, as it targets the polymerase enzyme that is critical for viral DNA synthesis and proliferation.</p>

<p>Ganciclovir is an acyclovir analog that is used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus and herpetic keratitis of the eye. This drug is a DNA polymerase inhibitor and exhibits its anti-viral properties by inhibiting viral replication.</p>

Inhibitor of viral neuraminidase enzyme, effective against influenza A and B viruses. This antiviral compound inhibits neuraminidase-mediated cleavage of host cell sialic acids, which interact with newly synthesised virions from the host cell. This prevents virion budding from the host, resulting in inhibition of virion release and viral infection overall.

<p>Inhibitor of hepatitis C viral enzyme NS3-4A serine protease</p>

Raltegravir is an antiretroviral agent that is used for the treatment of HIV infections. It inhibits HIV integrase in order to prevent viral genome from being inserted into the human genome. It binds to the active site of the enzyme and prevents it from binding to a target sequence on the viral DNA. This drug is metabolized by glucuronidation.

Chemically derived from ritonavir, Lopinavir belongs to the amphetamines. Lopinavir is clinically used in the prevention and treatment of HIV infections as it acts as HIV-1 protease inhibitor. In 2020, lopinavir was tested to treat COVID-19 patients and although it led to a higher rate of gastrointestinal side effects, the Lopinavir-treated group had a lower incidence of severe complications. Overall it was deemed not to work as a treatment.

<p>Darunavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor used orally in the treatment of patients with multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection (Ghosh, 2007). It has also been shown to be effective against other infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus and SARS coronavirus. Metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, darunavir is often administered together with ritonavir that prolongs its bioavaiability, giving a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15 hours (Back, 2008). The effect of darunavir on natural compounds such as matrix proteins and toll-like receptor activity has also been studied via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments.</p>

Lamivudine (commonly called 3TC) is a potent nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is one of the front line treatments for HIV.  It is an analogue of cytidine, and can inhibit both types (1 and 2) of HIV reverse transcriptase as well as the reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B. It needs to be phosphorylated to its triphosphate form before it is active.

<p>Saquinavir is a HIV protease inhibitor drug that is used with other antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV-1. As this drug prevents HIV protease activity, it prevents the proteolysis of the Gag polyprotein and thus results in non-infectious virus particles.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor</p>

Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue that is used to treat leukaemia especially, non-lymphocytic leukaemia. This drug also has anti-viral and immunosuppressant properties. Cytarabine is cytotoxic and acts through direct DNA damage. Although its mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is said to inhibit DNA polymerase.

<p>Baloxavir marboxil is a selective inhibitor of the cap-dependent endonuclease of RNA polymerase, an acidic protein in influenza A and B viruses. In patients, baloxavir marboxil reduces the time to recovery by alleviating the symptoms of the influenza A and B infection, in both adults and children.</p>

<p>Triazavirin is an antiviral drug developed against SAR-CoV-2. The action of triazavirin might be due to its ability to inhibit the Mpro protease from SARS viruses. Triazavirin has been clinically tested in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; NS5A protein inhibitor</p>

<p>Anti-viral; NS3/4A protease inhibitor_x000D_</p>

<p>HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor is an antiretroviral compound with a mode of action that blocks the viral enzyme integrase, preventing the integration of viral DNA into the host genome. It is used for the treatment of HIV infection.</p>

<p>Non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase; anti-viral</p>

<p>Atazanavir is an antiviral protease inhibitor, used in the anti-retroviral therapy of adult and sometimes paediatric patients infected with HIV. This drug inhibits the processing of viral Gag and Gag-pol polyproteins in HIV-1 infected cells by binding to the HIV-1 protease active site.</p>

<p>Cidofovir is an anti-viral agent that is used to treat Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. This drug suppresses CMV replication by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Nucleoside analog with antiviral activity against coronaviruses, hepatitis and influenzas viruses. EIDD 1931 inhibited the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the murine hepatitis virus (MHV) replication in vitro at submicromolar concentrations. EIDD 1931 is able to evade the proofreading exonuclease ExoN and presents with high barrier to development of drug resistance.</p>

Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor

Anti-viral; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

<p>Rupintrivir is a peptidomimetic antiviral with action on rhinovirus 3C protease to inhibit viral replication and is used for research on rhinovirus and other viral infections.</p>

<p>Raltegravir is an antiretroviral agent used for the treatment of HIV infections in conjunction with other antiretrovirals. It inhibits the activity of HIV-1 integrase, which impedes the insertion of HIV-1 DNA into the host cell genome. Raltegravir also inhibits resistant mutants of HIV-1 that are associated with disease activity and progression.</p>

<p>Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; anti-Hepatitis B virus</p>

<p>Nucleoside analog with antiviral activity against zoonotic feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus from Coronaviridae family. The compound is a pro-drug and undergoes intracellular phosphorylation resulting in the active triphosphate metabolite. The triphosphorylated GS 441524 analog competes with natural nucleoside triphosphates and interferes with viral RNA synthesis. In previous studies it was tested in vitro as well as in experimental animals and showed good safety profile.</p>

Anti-viral; RNA polymerase inhibitor; sofosbuvir metabolite

Potent inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase called non-structural protein 5B (NS5B). This nucleotide analog is effective against Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection since it inhibits viral RNA replication. Sofosbuvir is a prodrug and gets triphosphorylated in the liver cells, generating biologically active compound with anti-viral activity.

<p>Zalcitabine (also known as dideoxycytidine or ddC) is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) medication used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. It works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for replication of the HIV virus, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying and spreading. Zalcitabine is often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs to effectively treat HIV/AIDS.</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Darunavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. This drug inhibits HIV-1 protease from binding and catalyzing by attaching to the enzyme and preventing HIV replication.</p>

<p>Ombitasvir is a NS5A inhibitor antiviral agent with action on hepatitis C virus replication and is used for treating chronic hepatitis C in combination therapies.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of viral neuraminidase enzyme, effective against influenza A and B viruses. This antiviral compound inhibits neuraminidase-mediated cleavage of host cell sialic acids, which interact with newly synthesised virions from the host cell. This prevents virion budding from the host, resulting in inhibition of virion release and viral infection overall.</p>

<p>Ledipasvir D-tartrate is an antiviral compound, which is a direct-acting antiviral agent used in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. It originates from synthetic sources designed to inhibit the replication of specific viral proteins. Ledipasvir functions by targeting the NS5A protein of the hepatitis C virus, a key component necessary for viral replication. By binding to this protein, Ledipasvir disrupts and inhibits the HCV replication complex, effectively suppressing the viral load in patients.</p>

Anti-viral; inhibitor of NS5A protein