Steroli

Brassicasterol is a phytosterol, which is synthesized by various plant sources, particularly found in the seeds of plants such as rapeseed, mustard, and some algae. As a sterol, it is structurally similar to cholesterol but differs by having a methyl group at C24. This characteristic structure plays a vital role in its mode of action, modulating membrane fluidity and cell signaling pathways in organisms. In mammalian systems, brassicasterol may contribute to the reduction of cholesterol absorption by competing for incorporation into micelles, thus influencing metabolic pathways related to lipid processing and absorption.

DHED is a neuroactive steroid precursor, specifically a bioprecursor prodrug of estradiol, which is derived from chemical synthesis pathways. It is unique in its targeted mode of action, as it selectively converts to the active hormone estradiol within the brain via enzymatic processes that occur in situ. This specificity is facilitated by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, which catalyzes the conversion of DHED to estradiol exclusively in the brain, minimizing peripheral estrogenic effects.

Betamethasone is a synthetic corticosteroid, which is an analogue of a glucocorticoid sourced from adrenal cortex hormones. Its mode of action involves modulating the immune response by inhibiting the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. This is achieved through its binding affinity to glucocorticoid receptors, leading to transcriptional changes that suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production and other mediators of inflammation.

Formononetin is a naturally occurring isoflavone, which is a type of phytoestrogen found predominantly in legumes like red clover and other related plant species. It is a secondary metabolite that influences various biological processes by interacting with estrogen receptors. Formononetin acts primarily by mimicking or modulating the activity of natural estrogens within the body, binding to estrogen receptors and influencing gene expression and cellular responses.

Withaferin A is a bioactive compound, which is a steroidal lactone with antiproliferative properties. It is derived from the medicinal plant *Withania somnifera*, commonly known as Ashwagandha. Withaferin A exerts its effects by modulating various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of NF-kB and induction of oxidative stress, which lead to apoptotic cell death in cancer cells and reduced inflammation.

Phytosterol with anti-osteoarthritic activity; inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis

Periplogenin is a compound classified as a cardiac glycoside, which is typically derived from certain plant species such as those in the Apocynaceae family. These compounds are known for affecting the heart by influencing cellular ion transport mechanisms. The primary mode of action of periplogenin involves inhibition of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump. This inhibition leads to an increased intracellular concentration of sodium ions, which indirectly increases intracellular calcium levels via the sodium-calcium exchanger. The elevated calcium concentration enhances cardiac muscle contractility, a mechanism often leveraged in treating certain heart conditions.

Zuclomiphene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which is derived from clomiphene citrate, a mixture containing two isomers, zuclomiphene and enclomiphene. Zuclomiphene acts by binding to estrogen receptors, exhibiting both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects depending on the target tissue. This dual action makes it a valuable tool in modulating estrogen receptor activity for scientific research.

Estriol is a steroidal estrogen, which is a naturally occurring hormone primarily sourced from the placenta during pregnancy. Its mode of action involves binding to estrogen receptors, thereby exerting its effects as part of the broader group of estrogens. Estriol has a relatively lower affinity for estrogen receptors compared to estradiol, contributing to its unique pharmacological profile.In scientific research and clinical settings, Estriol is employed in hormone replacement therapy, especially in postmenopausal women, due to its milder estrogenic effects and lower associated risks compared to other estrogens. It is also studied for its potential benefits in urogynecological health, such as the treatment of menopausal symptoms like vaginal atrophy. Furthermore, its application is under investigation for autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, given its immunomodulatory properties. Ongoing research aims to delineate the therapeutic potential and safety profile of Estriol in various clinical contexts.