Steroidi

Applications Δ6-Gestodene, is an impurity of Gestodene (G368250), an orally active gestogen with progesterone-like profile of activity. Used in combination with estrogen as oral contraceptive.
References Duesterberg, B., et al.: Contraception, 24, 673 (1981); Duesterberg, B., et al.: Seroids, 43, 43 (1984); Losert, W., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 35, 459 (1985);

Applications The minor metabolite of Deflazacort.
References Bernareggi, A., et al.: J. Pharma. Biomed. Anal., 5, 177-81 (1987), Assandri, A., et al.: Xenobiotica, 13(3), 185 (1983), Martinelli, E., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 7, 335 (1979),

Applications Epoxy Metradiene is an impurity from synthesis of Fluorometholone (F593145),a glucocorticoid; anti-inflammatory.
References Kupferman, A., et al.: Arch. Ophthlmol., 640, 100 (1982); Tokunaga H., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32, 4012 (1984);

Applications Testosterone Palmitate-d31 is the labeled analogue of Testosterone Palmitate (T155140) which is found in male serum.
References Addo, S.B., et. al.: Steroid, 54, 257 (1989)

Applications 3β-Dihydroxy-19-norandrost-5(10)-ene is an intermediate in the synthesis of 3β,17β-Dihydroxy-19-norandrost-5(10)-ene (D453800), which is a metabolite of Androstenedione. A novel 19-norsteroid, from androstenedione and 19-hydroxyandrostenedione by cultured porcine granulosa cells is reported for the first time.
References Haarbo, J., et al.: Clin. Physiol., 11, 331 (1991), Krebs-Smith, S., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, 281(2000), Rasmussen, B., et al.: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 85, 55 (2000),

Impurity Levonorgestrel EP Impurity D
Applications 13-Ethyl-18,19-dinor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-17-ol (Levonorgestrel EP Impurity D) is an impurity of Levonorgestrel.
References McGinty, D., et al.: Endocrinology, 24, 829 (1939), Belanger, A., et al.: Steroids, 37, 361 (1981), Nieman, L., et al.: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 61, 536 (1985), Klebe, G., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 37, 4130 (1994),

Applications 17α-Boldenone (B675105) derivative.

Applications 21-Acyloxycorticosteroid derivative. Antiinflammatory.
References Ko, D. et al.; Steroids 67, 211 (2002)

Applications 20β-Dihydro Pregnenolone is a metabolite of Pregnenolone (P712200).
References Purdy, R., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 33, 1572 (1990), Bixo, M., et al.: Brain Res., 764, 173 (1997), Huang, X., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 275, 29452 (2000),

Applications [18O] Cholesterol can be used as a practical tracer for studies of cholesterol metabolism in humans.
References Hudgins, L.C., et al.: Biomed. Environ. Mass Spect., 17, 463 (1988),

Applications Cholesta-3,5-diene-7-one-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-d7 is a compound useful in organic synthesis.

Applications 17beta-Dihydroequilin-2,4,16,16,17-d5 is a useful isotopically labeled compound of 17β-Dihydro Equilin (D449130)

Applications 4-Methoxy-17beta-estradiol-1,2,16,16,17-d5 is a useful isotopically labeled compound of 4-Methoxy 17β-Estradiol (M262630)

Applications 4-Androsten-17alpha-ol-3-one-2,2,4,6,6-d5 (CAS# 165195-35-7) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.

Applications 5alpha-Pregnan-3,20-dione-2,2,4,4,17alpha,21,21,21-d8 is a useful isotopically labeled compound of (5α)-Pregnane-3,20-dione (P705150)

Applications 4-Methoxyestrone-1,2,16,16-d4 is a useful isotopically labeled compound of 4-Methoxy Estrone (M226135)

Pregna-4,8-diene-3,20-dione is a synthetic corticosteroid, which is an analog of naturally occurring hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. This compound is synthesized through complex chemical pathways utilizing steroidal intermediates to produce a substance with potent biological activity. The mode of action of Pregna-4,8-diene-3,20-dione involves its ability to alter the transcription of certain genes by binding to glucocorticoid receptors. This interaction induces the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the inflammatory response and suppress the immune system.

Formononetin-7-acetate is a naturally-derived isoflavonoid, which is a product of acetylation of formononetin, predominantly sourced from red clover and other leguminous plants. Its mode of action involves mimicking the effects of estrogens by binding to estrogen receptors, though with less potency than endogenous estrogens. This interaction may lead to modulation of various estrogen-mediated physiological processes.

Estetrol (E4) is a naturally occurring estrogen, which is synthesized by the human fetal liver. It acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator with a unique mode of action differentially impacting various tissues. Estetrol selectively binds to estrogen receptors, thereby facilitating a range of estrogenic activities. Interestingly, it exhibits modest estrogenic effects on both the endometrium and breast tissue, reducing potential risks typically associated with hormone therapies.

Otophylloside B is a naturally occurring triterpenoid saponin, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the roots of the plant **Ophiorrhiza pumila**. This compound is characterized by its complex glycosidic structure, featuring a unique arrangement of sugar moieties attached to its aglycone core. The mode of action of Otophylloside B involves modulation of cellular pathways, particularly influencing apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Its structure allows interaction with specific cellular receptors, leading to potential inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis.

Isodeoxycholic Acid, an epimer of deoxycholic acid by gut bacteria, has lower detergent activity and inhibits C. difficile germination and toxicity.

Applications epi-Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid Sodium Salt-d7 is a labelled epimer analogue of Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid Sodium Salt (G641255), which is a bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
References Ollila, F., et al.: Langmuir, 17, 7107 (2001); Uekama, K., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 52, 900 (2004); Tongiani, S., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 94, 2380 (2005);

Asparanin B is a natural compound, which is a specialized saponin derived from the roots of asparagus plants, specifically from Asparagus officinalis. It exerts its effects through the modulation of cellular pathways, including the inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and disruption of key signaling mechanisms involved in cancer development and progression. As a result, Asparanin B is being studied for its potential anticancer properties.

3,9-Di-O-methylcoumestrol is a synthetic coumestan derivative, which is primarily derived or synthesized from various plant sources that produce isoflavonoids and related compounds. As a type of phytoestrogen, it exhibits selective estrogen receptor modulating activity, interacting with estrogen receptors in a manner similar to endogenous hormones but with distinctive affinity and specificity. This mode of action suggests it could influence estrogen-responsive pathways, making it of particular interest in fields like endocrinology and pharmacology.

Ophiopogonin D is a steroidal glycoside, which is a secondary metabolite sourced from the plant Ophiopogon japonicus. This compound is characterized by its presence in the roots, commonly referred to as radix Ophiopogonis, and is part of the broader group of ophiopogonins. Its mode of action primarily involves exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Ophiopogonin D has been shown to modulate signaling pathways that influence cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, which are key in various pathological conditions.

Used to produce peptide modified lipid nanoparticles.

β-Sitosterol β-D-glucoside is a phytosterol glycoside, which is primarily derived from plant sources such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds. As a natural component of plant cell membranes, it exhibits bioactive properties. The compound functions by modulating cholesterol metabolism and has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects. It achieves this by interfering with the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines and modulating the activity of enzymes involved in its metabolism.

Pregnanediol 3α-O-β-D-glucuronide is a steroid conjugate, which is primarily a urinary metabolite derived from the catabolism of progesterone. It represents an important biomarker in endocrinological studies with direct relevance to reproductive biology. The compound originates in the body during the breakdown of progesterone, where it is conjugated with glucuronic acid to increase its solubility for renal excretion. This transformation allows for convenient and non-invasive monitoring of progesterone levels in clinical and research settings.

Withaferin A is a bioactive compound, which is a steroidal lactone with antiproliferative properties. It is derived from the medicinal plant *Withania somnifera*, commonly known as Ashwagandha. Withaferin A exerts its effects by modulating various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of NF-kB and induction of oxidative stress, which lead to apoptotic cell death in cancer cells and reduced inflammation.

**Azedarachol** is a botanical compound, which is a natural product derived from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica). This compound is known for its role as a bioactive agent, working through mechanisms that involve disrupting insect endocrine systems and acting as an antifeedant. Azedarachol's mode of action is primarily through its interference with hormonal balance within target organisms, which can lead to decreased feeding, stunted growth, and interrupted reproduction, making it an area of interest for pest control research.

Phytosterol with anti-osteoarthritic activity; inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis

Formononetin-7-O-gentiobioside is an isoflavonoid glycoside, which is a type of naturally occurring compound often found in plants, specifically in the Fabaceae family. This compound is primarily sourced from various legumes and has been studied for its potential bioactive properties due to its unique chemical structure. The mode of action of formononetin-7-O-gentiobioside involves its interaction with biological pathways, where it may exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or estrogen-like activities, similar to other isoflavonoids. These interactions are significant in modulating cellular pathways that can contribute to various physiological effects.

DHED is a neuroactive steroid precursor, specifically a bioprecursor prodrug of estradiol, which is derived from chemical synthesis pathways. It is unique in its targeted mode of action, as it selectively converts to the active hormone estradiol within the brain via enzymatic processes that occur in situ. This specificity is facilitated by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, which catalyzes the conversion of DHED to estradiol exclusively in the brain, minimizing peripheral estrogenic effects.

Phytoestrogen with anti-cancer properties

Saponins are naturally occurring glycosides, which are compounds sourced primarily from various plant species, including legumes, herbs, and certain vegetables. These compounds are characterized by their unique structure, comprising a hydrophobic aglycone linked to hydrophilic sugar moieties. This dual nature endows saponins with surfactant-like properties, allowing them to interact with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules.

1-Dehydroepiandrosterone is a steroid hormone and a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of androgen and estrogen sex steroids, which is derived from cholesterol in the adrenal glands, gonads, and brain. Acting primarily as a prohormone, it facilitates the synthesis of active steroid hormones by serving as a precursor molecule that undergoes enzymatic conversion into potent androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, as well as estrogens such as estradiol within peripheral tissues.