Steroidi

<p>Phytosterol with anti-osteoarthritic activity; inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis</p>

<p>Hydrocortisone acetate is a synthetic corticosteroid, which is a product derived from the modification of natural adrenal cortex hormones. It functions as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent through its interaction with glucocorticoid receptors, leading to the modulation of gene expression involved in immune and inflammatory responses. This interaction inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and reduces the permeability of capillaries, thereby diminishing inflammation and immune activity.</p>

<p>Periplogenin is a compound classified as a cardiac glycoside, which is typically derived from certain plant species such as those in the Apocynaceae family. These compounds are known for affecting the heart by influencing cellular ion transport mechanisms. The primary mode of action of periplogenin involves inhibition of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump. This inhibition leads to an increased intracellular concentration of sodium ions, which indirectly increases intracellular calcium levels via the sodium-calcium exchanger. The elevated calcium concentration enhances cardiac muscle contractility, a mechanism often leveraged in treating certain heart conditions.</p>

<p>Pseudoprotodioscin is a bioactive saponin compound, which is primarily derived from various plant sources, including members of the genus Tribulus. The compound is part of a larger family of steroidal saponins known for their diverse biological activities. Its mode of action includes influencing cellular pathways through modulation of enzyme activity and interaction with steroid hormone receptors, contributing to its bioactivity.</p>

<p>Beclomethasone dipropionate is a synthetic corticosteroid, which is derived from beclomethasone, a glucocorticoid steroid. Its mode of action involves binding to specific intracellular glucocorticoid receptors. This binding modulates the transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive genes, leading to the synthesis of anti-inflammatory proteins and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This reduces airway inflammation, edema, and mucus production, and enhances the responsiveness of beta-adrenergic receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle, facilitating bronchodilation.</p>

<p>Betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a man-made analog of naturally occurring steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex. Its molecular structure allows for enhanced potency and solubility, making it highly effective for use in various clinical settings. As a glucocorticoid, Betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium functions by binding to glucocorticoid receptors, regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins, and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This mechanism of action reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune response, making it valuable in the treatment of conditions that involve excessive inflammation. It is commonly used in the management of conditions such as allergic reactions, certain types of arthritis, and skin diseases. Its ability to rapidly modulate inflammatory pathways also makes it useful in emergency settings for conditions like acute asthma exacerbations and severe allergic reactions. As a water-soluble ester, it allows for diverse administration routes, including oral, intravenous, and topical applications, depending on the clinical requirement.</p>

<p>Prednisolone is a synthetic corticosteroid, which is a derivative of the natural hormone cortisol. It is derived from the modification of the corticosteroid structure to enhance its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. The mode of action of prednisolone involves binding to glucocorticoid receptors, leading to the modulation of gene expression. This results in the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inhibition of various immune responses.</p>

Gracillin is a steroidal saponin, which is a bioactive compound derived from the plant genus Dioscorea. This natural product is characterized by its complex glycoside structure, where a sugar moiety is attached to a steroid-like aglycone. The mode of action of Gracillin involves its interaction with cellular membranes, leading to increased cell membrane permeability. This action is thought to disrupt normal cellular functions, making it a compound of interest for studying membrane dynamics.

Bufalin is a bufadienolide compound, which is a type of steroid derived primarily from toad venom, specifically from the skin and parotid venom glands of the toad species Bufo gargarizans. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase, an enzyme critical for maintaining the electrochemical gradient across cell membranes. By disrupting this gradient, Bufalin affects cellular ion homeostasis and induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines.

<p>Equilenin is a steroidal estrogen, which is a type of naturally occurring hormone. It is derived primarily from the urine of pregnant mares and belongs to the class of conjugated equine estrogens. In terms of its mode of action, equilenin functions by binding to estrogen receptors in various tissues, thereby modulating gene expression and influencing cellular activity. This interaction supports the management of estrogen deficiencies in postmenopausal women and can influence the regulation of certain metabolic processes.</p>

Ent-Fisetinidol-(4alpha->8)-catechin-(6->4alpha)-ent-fisetinidol is a complex flavan-3-ol oligomer, which is a type of polyphenolic compound commonly found in various plant species. This compound is derived primarily from plants such as those in the genus *Acacia* and other similar species rich in condensed tannins. The mode of action of this oligomer involves its ability to engage in antioxidant activities, which include scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions that facilitate oxidative stress in biological systems.

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Segesterone is a synthetic progestin, which is a chemically engineered hormone analogue. It is synthesized from steroid precursors, specifically designed to mimic the naturally occurring hormone progesterone. Segesterone acts primarily through binding to progesterone receptors, exerting its effects by modulating gene expression related to reproductive processes. This mechanism inhibits ovulation, alters cervical mucus to prevent sperm penetration, and modifies the endometrial lining to reduce the likelihood of implantation.

<p>7-Dehydrostigmasterol is a phytosterol, which is a type of steroid alcohol derived from plant sources, particularly within the metabolic pathway of various sterols. This compound acts as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of other phytosterols, functioning within key enzymatic conversion processes that are part of the larger sterol metabolic network.</p>

<p>Betamethasone enol aldehyde Z isomer is a synthetic corticosteroid, which is derived from modifications of the naturally occurring glucocorticoid, cortisol. Its structure has been altered to enhance anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive potency. As a Z isomer, it exhibits specific stereochemistry, potentially affecting its pharmacokinetics and interactions at the molecular level.</p>

<p>Formononetin is a naturally occurring isoflavone, which is a type of phytoestrogen found predominantly in legumes like red clover and other related plant species. It is a secondary metabolite that influences various biological processes by interacting with estrogen receptors. Formononetin acts primarily by mimicking or modulating the activity of natural estrogens within the body, binding to estrogen receptors and influencing gene expression and cellular responses.</p>

Pabulenol is an innovative biopolymer, which is synthesized from renewable plant-based resources through advanced biotechnological methods involving enzymatic polymerization. With its unique molecular structure, Pabulenol exhibits specific mode of action by facilitating biodegradation under ambient conditions, catalyzed by naturally occurring microbes. The polymer’s intrinsic ability to break down into non-toxic byproducts makes it an exceptional choice for sustainable environmental applications.

<p>Phytoestrogen with anti-cancer properties</p>

<p>Brassicasterol is a phytosterol, which is synthesized by various plant sources, particularly found in the seeds of plants such as rapeseed, mustard, and some algae. As a sterol, it is structurally similar to cholesterol but differs by having a methyl group at C24. This characteristic structure plays a vital role in its mode of action, modulating membrane fluidity and cell signaling pathways in organisms. In mammalian systems, brassicasterol may contribute to the reduction of cholesterol absorption by competing for incorporation into micelles, thus influencing metabolic pathways related to lipid processing and absorption.</p>

<p>DHED is a neuroactive steroid precursor, specifically a bioprecursor prodrug of estradiol, which is derived from chemical synthesis pathways. It is unique in its targeted mode of action, as it selectively converts to the active hormone estradiol within the brain via enzymatic processes that occur in situ. This specificity is facilitated by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, which catalyzes the conversion of DHED to estradiol exclusively in the brain, minimizing peripheral estrogenic effects.</p>