Terpenoidi

Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a bioactive compound derived from the plant species Tanacetum parthenium, commonly known as feverfew. This compound is primarily isolated from the aerial parts of the plant, where it is found in highest concentrations within the flowers and leaves. Parthenolide exerts its effects through several biochemical pathways, including the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, which plays a critical role in inflammatory and immune responses. Additionally, it disrupts the activity of certain kinases and modulates the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis.

<p>Ginsenoside Rh3 is a bioactive saponin compound, which is a principle component isolated from Panax ginseng, a perennial plant widely known for its medicinal properties. This compound represents a specific form of ginsenoside with distinct pharmacological characteristics derived through the deglycosylation process of other ginsenosides during processing or digestion.</p>

<p>Saikosaponin D is a bioactive compound, specifically a triterpenoid saponin, which is derived from the roots of Bupleurum species, plants commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Its mode of action involves modulating key pathways in inflammation and apoptosis. This compound targets cellular mechanisms by interacting with inflammatory mediators and apoptotic proteins, thereby influencing immune responses and cellular survival.</p>

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<p>Curcumol is a bioactive compound, which is a sesquiterpenoid alcohol primarily extracted from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma wenyujin, a member of the Zingiberaceae family. The source plant is native to parts of Asia and has been traditionally used in herbal medicine. The mode of action of Curcumol involves modulation of multiple biochemical pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. It has been observed to influence cellular signaling cascades that regulate apoptosis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis, making it a compound of interest in oncology research.</p>

<p>10-epi-Elemol is a sesquiterpene alcohol, which is derived from natural plant sources, primarily obtained through the essential oils of particular species. Its molecular structure includes a complex arrangement of carbon rings and an alcohol group, characterizing it as a prominent component among sesquiterpenes.</p>

<p>Deoxygedunin is a natural limonoid, which is a type of chemical compound often derived from plant sources, particularly in the Meliaceae family. This compound is primarily isolated from the seeds of the Indian neem tree (Azadirachta indica) and the African mahogany tree (Khaya senegalensis). It exhibits its biological effects through activation of the Nrf2 pathway, an essential cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress. By promoting the expression of antioxidant proteins, deoxygedunin enhances cellular resilience to oxidative damage.</p>

Dehydrocostus lactone is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a natural compound extracted from plants, notably from the roots of Saussurea lappa, a plant known for its therapeutic properties. This compound exerts its mode of action primarily through the inhibition of key inflammatory pathways, including the NF-κB pathway. By interfering with these pathways, dehydrocostus lactone can modulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects.

<p>Ginkgolide B is a diterpenoid lactone, which is a secondary metabolite isolated from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. This compound is primarily sourced from the extract of Ginkgo biloba, a plant that has been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems.</p>

<p>Alpha-terpineol is a terpene alcohol that exhibits cytotoxic effects on cells. It has been shown to cause cell lysis in both bacteria and mammalian cells, which may be due to its reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Alpha-terpineol is also an effective agent against infectious diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. This molecule has a high resistance to chemical degradation, making it a promising anticancer agent. Alpha-terpineol can inhibit the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by binding to the enzyme DNA polymerase, thereby preventing the synthesis of DNA molecules. It can also bind to the enzyme RNA polymerase and inhibit the transcription of mRNA into protein molecules. Lastly, alpha-terpineol is known for its genotoxic effects in vivo and in vitro. The genotoxicity of alpha-terpineol has been demonstrated using several different methods including electron microscopy, chemical stability assays, surface methodology experiments on kidney bean extract,</p>

Soyasaponin Bb is a naturally occurring saponin, which is a type of glycoside, derived from soybeans (Glycine max). It is primarily sourced from the seeds and roots of the soybean plant. The mode of action of soyasaponin Bb involves its ability to interact with lipid membranes, affecting cellular pathways and exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, it has been shown to modulate cholesterol metabolism and exhibit potential anticancer activities through apoptosis induction and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.

Ginsenoside Re is a naturally occurring saponin, which is a bioactive compound sourced primarily from the root of Panax ginseng. It operates through multiple biochemical pathways, including the modulation of immune responses, anti-inflammatory effects, and protective antioxidant activities. Ginsenoside Re exerts its actions by interacting with cellular receptors, influencing signaling pathways such as the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, ultimately impacting gene expression and cellular responses.

<p>Ponicidin is a natural product, which is a diterpenoid compound derived from the plant *Isodon rubescens*. It exhibits a mode of action characterized by its ability to interfere with cellular processes through apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell proliferation. This occurs via the modulation of specific signaling pathways, including the suppression of NF-κB activity and the promotion of caspase activation.</p>

<p>Monotropein is a bioactive compound, which is an iridoid glycoside derived from natural sources such as plants in the Gentianaceae and Rubiaceae families. Its mode of action primarily involves anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways, exerting effects through modulation of specific molecular targets like NF-kB and various oxidative stress-related enzymes. These actions contribute to its efficacy in reducing inflammation and protecting against cellular oxidative damage.</p>

Inhibitor of protein synthesis and Nrf2-mediated chemoresistance

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<p>Natural diterpene; anti-microbial</p>

Nigranoic acid is a triterpenoid compound, which is derived from the seeds of Schisandra species, a type of plant known for its medicinal properties. It is particularly abundant in Schisandra chinensis, commonly used in traditional medicine systems. The mode of action of nigranoic acid involves modulation of inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress. It has shown the ability to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, mediating its potential therapeutic effects.

<p>Isosteviol is a diterpenoid compound, which is a metabolite derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of stevioside, a glycoside found in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant. Its mode of action involves modulation of various biological pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects. These actions are attributed to its ability to interact with specific cellular targets, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving insulin sensitivity.</p>

<p>α-Amyrin is a pentacyclic triterpene, which is commonly found in the resins and latex of various plant species. It is primarily sourced from the lipophilic extracts of angiosperms, where it is often present in both the free form and as esters. Its mode of action involves modulation of key signaling pathways involved in inflammation and cellular oxidative stress, particularly through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase. α-Amyrin also induces apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways in certain cell types, adding to its therapeutic potential.</p>

<p>Ajugarin II is a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside found in plants belonging to the genus Ajuga, which is a member of the Lamiaceae family. These plants have been traditionally used in herbal medicine and are known for their various pharmacological properties. The source of Ajugarin II is primarily the leaf and stem tissues, where it is biosynthesized as part of the plant's secondary metabolites.</p>

<p>Andrographolide is a labdane diterpenoid, which is the primary active constituent extracted from the plant *Andrographis paniculata*. This compound exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, primarily attributed to its ability to modulate various biological pathways. The mode of action of andrographolide includes the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, as well as the activation of pathways that enhance antioxidant activities within cells.</p>

Levopimaric acid is a type of resin acid, which is a naturally occurring compound primarily derived from the resin of pine trees. It is classified as a diterpenoid, a group of chemical compounds known for their complex structure and diverse functionalities. The mode of action of levopimaric acid involves its role as a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other resin acids, affecting the properties of the resin through its chemical stability and reactivity.

Ginsenoside Rf is a steroidal saponin, which is a bioactive compound found primarily in the roots of Panax ginseng, a plant widely used in traditional medicine. As a part of the ginsenoside family, this compound exerts its effects through modulation of several cellular pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. It is known to interact with glucocorticoid receptors and influence calcium ion channels, contributing to its potential neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.

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Deltoidin is a cutting-edge biochemical compound, which is developed through intricate synthetic processes involving organic precursors. It functions by interacting at the molecular level with specific biochemical pathways, thereby modulating cellular responses precisely and effectively. This mode of action makes it highly valuable for targeted research applications where specific cellular mechanisms need to be studied or manipulated.

<p>Digitoxose is a deoxy sugar, which is an integral component of certain cardiac glycosides. These glycosides, such as digitoxin, are predominantly sourced from the leaves of the digitalis species, particularly Digitalis purpurea or Digitalis lanata. The sugar moiety, digitoxose, is critical for the glycoside's ability to exert its pharmacological effects through interactions with cellular components.</p>

<p>(+)-Aromadendrene is a sesquiterpene, which is a type of hydrocarbon compound found in the essential oils of various plants, particularly those within the Myrtaceae family. This compound is primarily sourced from the leaves and branches of Eucalyptus species, where it contributes to the plant’s aromatic profile.</p>

<p>(-)-Vinigrol is a naturally occurring diterpenoid, which is originally isolated from the fungal species Virgaria nigra, known for its complex stereochemistry and unique structure. It functions as a bioactive compound with multiple mechanisms of action, including modulation of signal transduction pathways and inhibition of specific enzymes, contributing to its broad spectrum of biological activities.</p>

Beta-Aescin (also known as€ beta-escin) is a mixture of saponins produced by the horse chestnut tree, Aesculus hippocastanum, with most published reports relating to the pharmacological properties that it shows. It is reported that beta-aescin is a safe and very tolerable drug in the treatment of post thrombotic syndrome and chronic venous insufficiency. Aescin shows promise in the treatment of arthritis and appears to have potential as an anti-cancer drug. In fact, beta-aescin is active on glioblastoma-initiating cells (GIC), which have the ability to initiate glioblastoma growth. Glioblastoma multiform is the most abundant primary tumor of the human nervous system. Beta-aescin was more efficient in diminishing GIC growth compared to present clinically used drugs.

Natural toxin; protein phosphatase inhibitor

Loganic acid is a natural iridoid glycoside, which is primarily derived from plants belonging to the Loganiaceae family, such as the genus Strychnos. As a bioactive compound, it plays a significant role in plant defense mechanisms and possesses potential therapeutic properties that are of great interest to the scientific community.

<p>Beta-Caryophyllene is a bicyclic sesquiterpene, which is a natural product found in essential oils derived from various plants, including black pepper, cloves, and cannabis. This compound is characterized by its unique ability to selectively bind to cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), acting as a full agonist. Unlike typical cannabinoids, beta-Caryophyllene does not interact substantially with CB1 receptors, making it non-psychoactive.</p>

2'-Hydroxylupalbigenin is a naturally occurring flavonoid, which is isolated from the plant species Lupinus. This compound is characterized by its hydroxylated structure, which contributes to its diverse bioactivities. Flavonoids, as a class of polyphenolic compounds, are well-known for their potential roles in plant defense and have significant pharmacological profiles.

<p>Effusanin E is a specialized natural compound that falls under the category of secondary metabolites. It is derived from microorganisms, specifically isolated from bacterial sources, which include soil-dwelling bacteria known for their unique biosynthetic capabilities. This compound's mode of action primarily involves inhibiting the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria. It achieves this by disrupting vital bacterial processes, potentially targeting aspects of cell wall synthesis or protein production, although the exact mechanisms may vary and require further elucidation.</p>

Saikosaponin A is a triterpene saponin, which is a bioactive compound extracted from the roots of the Bupleurum species, primarily Bupleurum falcatum. As a phytochemical, it interacts with cell membranes to exert its effects. Saikosaponin A is known to modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and influencing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, it can enhance immune responses by regulating T-cell proliferation and differentiation.

Saikosaponin B2 is a naturally occurring triterpenoid saponin, which is a secondary metabolite primarily sourced from the roots of Bupleurum species. These plants are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, valued for their diverse pharmacological activities. The mode of action of Saikosaponin B2 involves modulation of inflammatory pathways, specifically through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduction of oxidative stress. It also exhibits potential in modulating immune responses and possesses hepatoprotective effects.

<p>20(R)Ginsenoside Rh2 is a bioactive compound, specifically a ginsenoside, which is derived from the roots of Panax ginseng. This compound is categorized as a rare saponin, produced through the enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides found naturally in ginseng. Its mode of action involves modulating various cellular pathways, including signaling pathways related to apoptosis, inflammation, and immune responses. It has been shown to exert anticancer effects through induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, and disruption of cell cycle progression in cancer cells. Additionally, it may influence the immune system by enhancing or regulating immune cell activity.</p>

Harpagide is a bioactive compound classified as an iridoid glycoside, which is extracted primarily from the roots of the plant *Harpagophytum*, commonly known as the "devil’s claw." This compound plays a significant role in the plant's secondary metabolism, contributing to its defense mechanisms.

<p>Lnuchinenolide B is a bioactive compound, which is a type of natural product often isolated from various plant species. This compound has garnered interest due to its origins in diverse botanical sources. Its mode of action is typically associated with its interaction at the molecular level with specific biological targets, potentially inhibiting or modulating particular enzymatic activities or receptor pathways. Such interaction underscores its capacity to influence biological processes, making it a compound of interest in pharmacological research.</p>

<p>Ginsenoside Rb1 - 98% is a purified chemical compound, specifically a saponin, derived from the roots of Panax ginseng, a perennial plant native to East Asia. The compound belongs to the ginsenoside family, which constitutes the primary active components of ginseng.</p>

Santalol, alpha and beta isomers are terpenes that belong to the class of natural compounds. They are found in the essential oils of sandalwood tree (Santalum album) and have been shown to have various biological activities, including anti-skin cancer activity in vivo models. Santalol has been shown to inhibit the production of epidermal growth factor by human prostate cancer cells. This compound also has an effect on oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, which may be due to its ability to bind with bacterial receptors.

Beta-Eudesmol is a sesquiterpenoid alcohol, which is a naturally occurring compound found in several essential oils extracted from plants, particularly those belonging to the genus Zingiberaceae. It is a major component in some aromatic species, manifesting as a colorless or pale yellow viscous liquid at room temperature.

Gibberellic acid is a plant growth regulator, which is derived from fungal species, particularly Gibberella fujikuroi. It functions by stimulating and regulating various growth and developmental processes within plants. Gibberellic acid works through promoting cell elongation, breaking seed dormancy, and influencing enzyme production that leads to plant growth and development.

<p>Cryptotanshinone is a naturally occurring bioactive compound, which is an abietane diterpenoid sourced from the roots of *Salvia miltiorrhiza*, commonly known as Danshen. This compound exhibits a distinct mode of action characterized by its inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway, which is crucial in the regulation of gene expression involved in cell growth and survival. Furthermore, Cryptotanshinone demonstrates the ability to modulate various other molecular targets, such as the androgen receptor, rendering it valuable in the pharmacological landscape.</p>

Betulinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, which is derived from the bark of birch trees among other plants. This compound exerts its effects primarily through the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells, interference with viral replication, and modulation of inflammatory pathways. Its mode of action includes mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, inhibition of topoisomerase, and interaction with the NF-kB signaling pathway.

<p>Citronellal is a monoterpenoid, which is derived from natural sources such as the oils of citronella, lemongrass, and other related plants. It is chemically characterized by its role in the biosynthetic pathway of several essential oils.</p>

<p>(-)-Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene alcohol, which is a naturally occurring compound primarily extracted from the essential oils of lavender, peppermint, and other plants in the Lamiaceae family. It is characterized by its ability to interfere with cellular processes, notably through its modulation of signaling pathways and induction of apoptosis, as well as inhibition of cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Eburicoic acid is a lanostane-type triterpenoid, which is a secondary metabolite primarily obtained from fungi, notably those in the Polyporaceae family. This compound features a complex molecular structure characteristic of triterpenoids, which are known for diverse biological activities. The source of eburicoic acid is crucial in understanding its biosynthesis and ecological roles within its native fungal hosts.</p>

<p>Methyl lucidenate P is a natural triterpenoid compound, which is derived from various species of the Ganoderma fungus, particularly Ganoderma lucidum, known commonly as reishi or lingzhi. This compound is structurally characterized by the presence of a methyl ester group, contributing to its unique biochemical properties. Methyl lucidenate P acts by interfering with several cellular pathways, including apoptosis induction and angiogenesis inhibition, which are crucial for its potential anticancer activities. It disrupts cell proliferation and promotes programmed cell death in various cancer cell lines.</p>