Prodotti naturali e sostanze fitochimiche per origine botanica

<p>Quorum sensing inhibitor in bacterial biofilms</p>

<p>L-chiro-Inositol is a stereoisomer of inositol, which is a type of sugar alcohol and a critical component of cell membranes. Derived from natural sources such as plants and animals, L-chiro-Inositol plays a significant role in cellular processes through its involvement in the phosphoinositide signaling pathway. This pathway is crucial for mediating various cellular responses to external signals, particularly in the modulation of insulin signaling and glucose metabolism.<br>By influencing insulin signaling pathways, L-chiro-Inositol contributes to the regulation of glucose uptake and utilization, making it an important compound in studies related to metabolic health, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Researchers also investigate its potential therapeutic applications in managing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) due to its role in improving insulin sensitivity and ovulatory function. Its contribution to cell membrane structure and function further extends its relevance in studies exploring cell signaling, growth, and survival. L-chiro-Inositol serves as a vital compound for scientists examining the intricate interplay between cellular signaling mechanisms and metabolic disorders.</p>

<p>Sinapyl alcohol is a monolignol, which is a pivotal component in the biosynthesis of lignin, a complex polymer. It is derived primarily from certain angiosperms and gymnosperms during the process of lignin formation in the secondary cell walls of plants. Sinapyl alcohol acts as a precursor that undergoes polymerization to form sinapyl lignin, which integrates into the plant cell walls, contributing to the overall structural integrity and rigidity.</p>

<p>Anti-inflammatory; reduces nitric oxide synthesis</p>

<p>Lignin (Dealkaline) is an industrial-grade natural polymer, derived primarily from the complex structural materials in the cell walls of plants. This material is sourced as a byproduct of the paper and pulp industry, particularly from the process of dealkalization which removes lignin from cellulose. The mode of action of dealkaline lignin involves its ability to act as a binder, dispersant, and emulsifier due to its multifaceted chemical structure. Its properties are influenced by the aromatic and hydroxy functionalities present in its matrix, allowing it to interact and bind with a wide range of materials.</p>

<p>Salvianolic acid B is a polyphenolic compound, which is derived from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, commonly known as Danshen. It is characterized by its potent antioxidant properties, which function primarily through the scavenging of free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The compound contributes to the stabilization of endothelial cells and the prevention of atherosclerosis by modulating various signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress and inflammation.</p>

<p>Citromycetin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the genus Streptomyces or related actinomycetous bacteria. This compound acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacterial ribosomes, thereby preventing peptide bond formation and subsequently hindering bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Carthamus red is a natural dye, which is obtained from the petals of the safflower plant, Carthamus tinctorius. This dye is known for its vibrant red hue and is extracted through a meticulous process involving the drying and steeping of safflower petals. The primary pigments responsible for its coloration are carthamin and carthamidin, which are anthocyanin derivatives.</p>

<p>3-Oxo-2-(2-penten-1-yl)cyclopentaneacetic acid is a cyclopentane derivative, notable for its unique chemical structure and reactivity. This compound is typically sourced through synthetic organic chemistry techniques, often involving multistep chemical reactions starting from simpler organic molecules. Its mode of action centers around its ability to interact with specific biochemical pathways, potentially influencing various metabolic processes due to its structural mimicry of biologically active compounds.</p>

<p>Corycavine is an alkaloid compound, which is derived from certain species of Corydalis plants, particularly from their roots. This naturally occurring substance acts primarily as an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, modulating adrenergic signaling pathways. By competitively inhibiting the binding of endogenous catecholamines such as norepinephrine, it influences vascular tone and other physiological processes mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors.</p>

<p>Mogroside IV is a natural sweetener, which is a compound extracted from the fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii, commonly known as monk fruit. This compound belongs to a group of terpene glycosides that contribute to the intensely sweet taste of monk fruit. With a sweetness intensity significantly higher than that of sucrose, Mogroside IV is utilized for its potential as a calorie-free sweetening agent.</p>

<p>Tremuloidin is an alkaloid compound, which is a naturally occurring product found in certain plant species. It is derived from the bark of trees in the genus Tremulus. The mode of action of Tremuloidin involves modulation of specific ion channels in nerve cells, leading to altered neuronal excitability. This results in tremor induction, which can be an important tool for studying neurological pathways and conditions.</p>

<p>Timosaponin A-III is a steroidal saponin, which is a bioactive compound derived from the rhizomes of the plant Anemarrhena asphodeloides, commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. This compound exerts its effects through various biochemical pathways, primarily by modulating cell signaling pathways such as apoptosis and inflammation. Timosaponin A-III has been shown to influence the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, thereby impacting cellular responses to stress and damage.</p>

<p>Pongamol is a bioactive compound, which is a natural product extracted from the seeds of the Pongamia pinnata tree, a member of the Fabaceae family. Its mode of action involves diverse biochemical interactions, including modulation of enzymatic pathways and potential antioxidant activity, making it an intriguing subject in pharmacological studies. Pongamol has been investigated for a variety of applications, particularly in medicine and agriculture. It exhibits promising antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, which could be harnessed for developing novel therapeutic agents or agrochemical formulations. Current research is focusing on elucidating its molecular pathways and interactions with cellular targets, aiming to unlock its full potential across various scientific domains.</p>

<p>Engeletin is a bioactive flavonoid, which is a naturally occurring compound derived from certain plant species, particularly within the Rosaceae family. This compound is characterized by its distinctive biochemical properties, resulting from its flavonoid structure, which influences its interaction with various biological systems.</p>

<p>Jujuboside A is a saponin compound, which is derived from the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba, commonly known as the jujube or Chinese date. It exhibits a range of biological activities, primarily through its modulation of neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Jujuboside A has been shown to interact with the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system, enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmission that may lead to its calming and anxiolytic effects.</p>

<p>Phyllanthoside is a natural compound derived from the plant Phyllanthus acuminatus, a species known for its diverse phytochemical composition. The source of this compound is a flowering plant within the Phyllanthaceae family, which has been traditionally used in various herbal medicine practices. Phyllanthoside functions primarily by disrupting cancer cell proliferation through mechanisms related to DNA intercalation and inhibition of topoisomerase enzymes. This impedes the replication process of rapidly dividing cells, demonstrating potential applications in anticancer therapies. Studies have focused on its cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, highlighting its promise in the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. Further research into its efficacy and safety profile remains essential, as does the exploration of its full pharmacological potential.</p>

<p>Gamma-Oryzanol is a bioactive compound, which is a mixture of ferulic acid esters of sterols and triterpene alcohols. It is derived from rice bran oil, the oil extracted from the outer layer of rice grains. This compound exhibits its mode of action primarily via antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. It also modulates lipid metabolism and influences hormonal balance, particularly for cholesterol regulation.</p>

<p>Sennoside F is an anthraquinone glycoside, which is a natural compound extracted from the senna plant, specifically from species such as Cassia angustifolia and Cassia acutifolia. Its mode of action involves the stimulation of the colon's motility and the reduction of water and electrolyte reabsorption in the intestines. By acting on the large intestine, it increases peristalsis, facilitating the movement of stool through the bowel while ensuring softer bowel movements due to the retention of water in the stool.</p>

<p>a-Amanitin is a cyclic peptide that is found in mushrooms of the genus "Amanita", which can cause toxic effects if eaten. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing dna synthesis, as well as by triggering apoptosis. The structural analysis of a-amanitin has shown that it binds to surface glycoproteins on myeloma cells and triggers the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), which initiate an immune response against myeloma cells. This cyclic peptide also has been shown to reduce hepatic steatosis in mice by affecting mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing metabolic changes.<br>Indocyanine green, a fluorescent dye, has been shown to prevent α-amanitin toxicity in mice (Wang et al, 2023), and could be a possible antidote to poisoning by Amanita, such as death cap mushroom Amanita phalloides, which is the cause of over 90% of fatal mushroom poisoning.</p>

<p>Dieckol is a polyphenolic compound, which is a type of marine-derived phlorotannin. It is extracted predominantly from brown algae, such as species belonging to the genus Ecklonia. Dieckol exhibits its mode of action primarily through its antioxidant properties, attributed to its ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit oxidative stress pathways. Additionally, it demonstrates anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities by modulating various cellular signaling pathways.</p>

<p>Isofraxidin is a natural compound, classified as a coumarin, which is derived from a variety of plant species, including certain members of the Artemisia or Acanthopanax genus. Its chemical structure is characterized by a 7-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy derivative that contributes to its pharmacological properties.</p>

<p>9,10-Dihydroxycoumestan is a naturally occurring phytoestrogen, which is derived predominantly from plants, specifically legumes like soybeans and alfalfa. This compound is characterized by its coumestan structure, a subgroup of the broader class of isoflavonoids, which are noted for their estrogenic properties.</p>

<p>Neohesperidose is a disaccharide carbohydrate, which is naturally derived from certain citrus fruits and plants. It is primarily sourced from the hydrolysis of neohesperidin, a flavonoid glycoside commonly found in the peels of citrus fruits such as oranges and grapefruits. The mode of action of neohesperidose involves interaction with taste receptors, where it exhibits notable sweetening properties, though it is not as sweet as sucrose.</p>

<p>Aceroside X is a glycoside compound, which is a natural bioactive substance extracted from the leaves of the Acer species, commonly known as maple trees. Its structure is characterized by the presence of a sugar moiety linked to an active aglycone component, which contributes to its bioactivity. Aceroside X primarily exerts its effects through modulation of cellular signaling pathways, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This compound has shown potential in inhibiting the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as scavenging free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress within biological systems.</p>

<p>Salvianolic acid A is a polyphenolic compound, which is derived from the roots of the plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, commonly known as Danshen. It exerts its effects primarily through its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This compound operates by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, thus providing protection against oxidative stress and inflammation-related damage.</p>

<p>Manglexanthone is a xanthone derivative product, which is isolated from the pericarp of the Mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana). This compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through the modulation of oxidative and inflammatory pathways. By inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, Manglexanthone serves as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.</p>

<p>Osmo- and cryo-protectant; stabilizer for enzymes and biological macromolecules</p>

<p>Aloin B is a natural anthraquinone glycoside, which is derived from the leaves of the Aloe plant, specifically species such as Aloe vera and Aloe ferox. It is a C-glucoside of aloe-emodin and functions primarily by exerting a stimulant laxative effect. This mode of action is achieved through its influence on the colon, where it promotes peristalsis and intestinal motility by irritating the colonic wall, thereby increasing bowel movement frequency.</p>

<p>Natural phenol with activity against β-amyloid aggregation</p>

<p>Hematoporphyrin dihydrochloride is a photodynamic therapy agent, which is a derivative of porphyrin. Porphyrins are naturally occurring organic compounds essential in various biochemical processes, primarily sourced from heme, a component of hemoglobin. This compound functions by accumulating preferentially in tumor tissues where it is activated by specific wavelengths of light. The activation leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce localized cytotoxic effects, ultimately resulting in cellular damage and necrosis of the malignant cells.</p>

<p>Daphnoretin is a naturally occurring lignan, which is a type of product derived from plant sources, particularly species of the genus Daphne. It is characterized by its complex chemical structure and is known for its potential bioactive properties. The mode of action of daphnoretin involves modulating various cellular pathways, including those related to apoptosis and oxidative stress, through its interaction with cellular receptors and enzymes. This modulation can lead to either the inhibition or activation of specific cellular processes, which is of significant interest in scientific research.</p>

<p>Fatty acid from Ximenia and Sandalwood; used in skincare applications</p>

<p>Natural product exhibiting antioxidant and antimalarial activity</p>

<p>Calystegine A5 is a naturally occurring polyhydroxylated alkaloid, which is primarily isolated from certain plant species such as those in the Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae families. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of glycosidase enzymes, which are crucial for various carbohydrate processing pathways. By impeding these enzymes, Calystegine A5 disrupts the breakdown and synthesis of glycoconjugates, thereby affecting cellular metabolism and signaling pathways.</p>

<p>(+)-Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative, which is isolated from the lichen Usnea dasypoga. It functions as a secondary metabolite produced by lichens. The mode of action of (+)-Usnic acid is primarily its ability to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, which disrupts the proton gradient and ATP production, leading to antimicrobial and antifungal effects.</p>

<p>Kombic acid is a naturally-derived herbicide, which is primarily obtained from specific plant sources. Its mode of action involves disrupting cellular processes within broadleaf weed species, selectively targeting their physiological mechanisms without affecting grasses. This specificity is achieved through its interference with the photosynthetic pathways, leading to a disruption in energy production and eventually causing plant death.</p>

<p>4'-O-Methyl-3,9-dihydropunctatin is a dihydroxyflavonoid compound, which is a type of naturally occurring polyphenolic compound. It is derived from plant sources, particularly through the biosynthesis processes involving specific phenolic pathways. These pathways are instrumental in the plant’s defense mechanisms against environmental stressors and pathogens.</p>

<p>Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin is a naturally occurring phytochemical, which is derived from the roots of the plant *Saposhnikovia divaricata* (commonly known as Fangfeng). This compound is a glycoside, specifically a glucoside of cimifugin, and it plays a meaningful role in the plant's pharmacological profile.</p>

<p>2-(8-Heptadecenyl)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid is a specialized lipid compound, categorized as a benzoic acid derivative. This compound is primarily sourced from specific plant origins, identified in particular species known for their unique biochemical compositions. Its mode of action is predominantly linked to its antioxidant properties. The compound demonstrates efficacy in scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress within biological systems, which is pivotal in mitigating damage to cellular components.</p>

<p>Visnagin is a naturally occurring furanocoumarin, which is derived from the seeds of the Ammi visnaga plant, indigenous to the Mediterranean region. This compound exhibits pharmacological activity primarily through its mechanism of calcium channel blockade, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation. By inhibiting calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle, Visnagin effectively promotes vasodilation, thereby reducing vascular resistance and contributing to its potential hypotensive effects.</p>

<p>Cimicifugoside is a saponin glycoside, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the plant Cimicifuga racemosa, commonly known as black cohosh. This compound is known for its complex structure, consisting of a triterpenoid aglycone linked to sugar moieties, which is typical of saponins. The source of cimicifugoside, black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America and has been traditionally used in herbal medicine.</p>

<p>Cardiolipin is a phospholipid that plays an important role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Cardiolipin is synthesized in the inner leaflet inner membrane of the mitochondria (IMM) and interacts with a several IMM proteins. The activity of the enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC) are moderated by cardiolipin and it affects ATP production and organization into supercomplexes. Cardiolipin can be separated from other phospholipids using chromatographic analysis.</p>

<p>Apitherapy (the use of honey bee products in alternative medicine) is an emerging field, with a long history of unsupported health benefits, particularly in cancer. Components of bee venom have been demonstrated to have antitumoral effects in various cancers. For example, honey bee venom (XM176021) was shown to reduce metastases of breast cancer to the lungs and inhibit tumour growth (Orsolić, et al., 2003). Similarly, the active component of bee venom, a peptide called melittin (FM10065), showed anticancer selectivity through undefined molecular mechanisms and suggests novel treatment strategies for aggressive breast cancers (Duffy, et al., 2020).</p>

<p>Acetylshikonin is a naphthoquinone derivative, which is a natural bioactive compound extracted from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon and other Boraginaceae plants. Its mechanism of action involves multiple pathways, including the inhibition of topoisomerase, disruption of microtubule dynamics, and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. These biochemical interactions lead to its potential as an anti-cancer agent.</p>

<p>C-Phycocyanin is a natural pigment-protein complex commonly found in cyanobacteria and certain algae, known for its vibrant blue color. This compound originates from the photosynthetic machinery of organisms such as Spirulina, where it plays a crucial role in capturing light energy, thus facilitating photosynthesis. The molecular structure of C-Phycocyanin allows it to absorb light efficiently, transferring energy to chlorophyll during the photosynthetic process.</p>

<p>Plantarenaloside is a glycoside compound, derived primarily from plant sources. This bioactive component is typically extracted from certain medicinal plants known for their therapeutic properties. As a glycoside, Plantarenaloside operates through its ability to release biologically active aglycones upon enzymatic hydrolysis. This mode of action allows it to engage in specific biochemical interactions within biological systems, which may influence various cellular processes.</p>

<p>Salsolinol hydrobromide is a chemical compound used primarily in the realm of scientific research. It is a derivative of salsolinol, an endogenous neurotoxin and is formed through the condensation of dopamine and acetaldehyde, found naturally in certain plants and fermented beverages. This compound acts primarily by influencing dopaminergic systems within the brain, specifically interacting with dopamine receptors and potentially impacting neurotransmitter release and uptake.</p>

<p>Santal is a natural isoflavone that can be extracted from sandalwood, a type of wood from the family of genus Santalum, and some aromatic plants. Due to the very pleasant, fresh and woody aroma, santal is used in many formulations in cosmetics.</p>

<p>Anemoside B4 is a triterpenoid saponin, which is a bioactive compound extracted from the roots of the Pulsatilla species, a group of flowering plants commonly found in Asia and Europe. As a naturally occurring saponin, Anemoside B4 is characterized by its unique chemical structure that includes a sugar moiety linked to a triterpene aglycone.</p>

<p>Allicin is a biologically active compound, primarily a mixture of diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, which is an organosulfur compound found predominantly in crushed garlic (Allium sativum). It originates from the enzymatic conversion of alliin through the action of alliinase when garlic is damaged or crushed. The mode of action of Allicin involves its ability to interact with and inhibit thiol-containing enzymes within microbial cells, which disrupts essential cellular processes and contributes to its potent antimicrobial properties. Additionally, Allicin exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against a variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.</p>

<p>p-Coumaryl alcohol is a phenylpropanoid, which is a crucial monolignol precursor involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, a complex organic polymer found in the cell walls of plants. It is predominantly sourced from the shikimate pathway in plants, where it is synthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions starting from phenylalanine.</p>

<p>Digitonin is produced from seeds of Digitalis pupurea and other Digitalis species. It is a steroid glycoside consisting of the aglycone digitogenin linked to five sugar residues. Reaction of naturally occurring steroids carrying a 3b-hydroxyl group with digitonin results in an insoluble precipitate. Digitonin has hemolytic activity and is toxic to humans. It permeabilizes plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells by complexing with membrane cholesterol and other unconjugated β-hydroxysterols. Digitonin is frequently used for solubilization of membrane proteins and permeabilization of cellular and nuclear membranes. Due to the complexing interactions it can be used for the determination of cholesterol and ergosterol This Digitonin product is insoluble in water.</p>

<p>Spinosad - mixture of A + D is an insect control agent, which is derived from the fermentation of the soil bacterium *Saccharopolyspora spinosa*. This product acts primarily by targeting the nervous system of insects, binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors causing paralysis and eventual death. Its specificity and mode of action make it an effective tool in integrated pest management.</p>

<p>Rhein is an anthraquinone compound, which is derived from the plant rhubarb (Rheum species) with a range of unique biological activities. It functions primarily by inhibiting the activity of various enzymes and pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular proliferation. Rhein is known for its ability to modulate the production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, offering potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Isolonchocarpin including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>5-O-Methyl-myo-inositol is a specialized chemical compound, a derivative of the cyclic polyol inositol. It is primarily derived from natural plant sources where it occurs as part of various metabolic pathways. Its mode of action involves mimicking the structural properties of its parent compound, myo-inositol, allowing it to participate in cellular signaling processes. This structural similarity facilitates its involvement in various physiological mechanisms, including osmoregulation and cell membrane formation.</p>

<p>Liensinine is an alkaloid, which is extracted from the seeds of the lotus plant, Nelumbo nucifera. This natural compound interacts with various physiological pathways, primarily by modulating calcium ion channels and exerting an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Such interactions contribute to its cardioprotective and potential therapeutic properties.</p>

<p>16-Hexadecanolide is a macrocyclic lactone, which is synthesized through chemical reactions involving natural substrates or by bio-synthesis using microbial fermentation processes. This compound acts primarily as a fragrance ingredient, leveraging its unique molecular structure to impart a long-lasting and pleasant musky odor. The macrocyclic structure of 16-Hexadecanolide enables it to possess excellent stability and diffusion properties, making it a valuable component in the formulation of fine fragrances and personal care products.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Lobetyolin including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>4,3',4'-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyaurone is a natural aurone compound, which is a type of flavonoid. This product is commonly derived from various plant sources known for their rich secondary metabolite profiles, including certain species of the Leguminosae family. As an aurone, it is characterized by its distinctive bis-benzofuranone chemical structure that contributes to its unique properties and biological activities.</p>

<p>Glucovanillin - Synthetic is a chemical compound that serves as a synthetic analog of glucovanillin, typically found in vanilla beans. It is derived from laboratory synthesis rather than natural extraction from plant sources. The mode of action for synthetic glucovanillin involves mimicking the natural precursor of vanillin, which is converted through enzymatic hydrolysis to release the vanillin flavor compound.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporters with anti-hypertensive properties. Syrosingopine is also inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT4 and has 60-fold higher potency on MCT4. Syrosingopine inhibits lactate export from cells, causing glycolytic blockade, ATP depletion and cell death. Syrosingopine was shown to sensitise cancer cells to metformin treatment and potentiate its anti-cancer activity.</p>

<p>2,4-Dihydroxy-3',4'-methylenedioxydesoxybenzoin is a biochemical compound, which is derived from synthetic chemical processes known in organic chemistry. This compound is characterized by its complex aromatic structure, incorporating hydroxyl groups and a methylenedioxy bridge, which confer specific chemical and biological properties.</p>

<p>Edestin is a crystalline globular protein, which is sourced primarily from hemp seeds. It is characterized by its high solubility and unique compatibility with the human digestive system. Edestin is composed of edestin subunits and is noted for its complete amino acid profile, including essential amino acids that are crucial for various biological functions.</p>

<p>Capiquinone C is a quinone-based compound, which is a type of secondary metabolite derived from plants. It is synthesized from natural plant sources, specifically from species that are known for their quinone-rich content. The compound functions primarily through its antioxidant properties, which involve scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress within biological systems. This mode of action is crucial for protecting cellular components from damage induced by reactive oxygen species.</p>

<p>DL-α-Hydroxymyristic acid is a chiral fatty acid derivative, which is synthesized through chemical processes. It is an α-hydroxy carboxylic acid obtained through the hydroxylation of myristic acid, derived either by chemical synthesis or from natural sources such as coconut oil or palm kernel oil.</p>

<p>Brazilin is a natural dye, which is derived from the heartwood of trees belonging to the genus Caesalpinia, notably Caesalpinia sappan. It functions as a versatile colorant, changing from red to violet depending on pH, making it a valuable pigment in applications requiring pH sensitivity and stability. Brazilin undergoes oxidation to form brazilein, which is responsible for the characteristic red dye.</p>

<p>Sesamolin is a lignan, which is a type of polyphenolic compound. It is primarily sourced from sesame seeds, specifically present in sesame oil. Sesamolin has been identified as a compound with potent antioxidant properties due to its chemical structure, which enables it to scavenge free radicals effectively. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the stabilization of free radicals, thereby protecting biological molecules from oxidative damage.</p>

<p>Demethylwedelolactone is a naturally occurring coumestan, which is a type of phytochemical compound. It is derived predominantly from the plant Eclipta prostrata, a species traditionally used in various forms of herbal medicine. This compound is known for its potential pharmacological properties, particularly due to its interaction with biological systems.</p>