Antibiotici Naturali e Semisintetici

<p>Applications N-t-Butyl N-Deactyl Linezolid is a derivative of Linezolid (L466500), a prototype of the oxazolidinone antimicrobials; inhibits bacterial mRNA translation.<br>References Brickner, S.J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 673 (1996), Ford, C.W., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1508 (1996), Rybak, M.J., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 18, 456 (1998), Stevens, D.L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Piperacilloic Acid-Piperacillin Dimer Disodium Salt is Piperacillin (P479950) impurity and can be obtained from it. Piperacillin (P479950) is broad spectrum semi-synthetic antibiotic related to Penicillin. Antibacterial.<br>References Takai, A., et al.: Chemotherapy, 25, 816 (1977); Bodey, G.P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 14, 78 (1978); Kuck, N.A., et al.: J. Antibiot., 31, 1175 (1978);<br></p>

<p>Applications Linezolid Dimer is an impurity of the antibacterial agent Linezolid (L466500).<br></p>

<p>Applications 7-Chloro-6-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic Acid is a 1-arylated derivative of 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with antibacterial activity.<br>References Radl, S. et al.: Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 54, 2181 (1989):<br></p>

<p>Applications The epothilones are a novel class of antineoplastic agents possessing antitubulin activity. Epothilone A, B isolated from Sorangium cellulosum was associated with cell cycle arrest at G2/M transition and apoptosis that was resisted with overexpression of β-tubulin and P-glycoprotein in human bladder carcinoma cell.<br>References Bollag, D.M., et al.: Cancer. Res., 55, 2325 (1995), Hardt, I.H., et al.: J. Nat. Prod., 64, 847 (2001), Gerth, K., et al.: J. Antibiot., 55, 41, 45 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications Mitomycin (M371900) impurity.<br>References Siegel, D., et al.: Biochemistry, 31, 7879 (1992), Kontou, M., et al.: Oncogene, 21, 2406 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Terbinafine EP Impurity B<br>Applications cis-Terbinafine Hydrochloride (Terbinafine EP Impurity B) is an impurity in the production of Terbinafine hydrochloride.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Petranyi, G., et al.: Science, 224, 1239 (1984), Stutz, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 27, 1539 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications tert-Butyl N-[2-[2-(6-chlorohexyloxy)ethoxy]ethyl]carbamate is an intermediate in the synthesis of HaloTag O2 Tobramycin (H103850). HaloTag O2 Tobramycin is a derivative compound of Tobramycin (T524000), a single factor antibiotic comprising about 10% of nebramycin, the aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. An Antibacterial.<br>References Koch, K.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 309 (1970); Welles, J.S., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 22, 332 (1972); Dash, A.K., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 24, 579 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Applications Clavulanic acid (C563750) impurity as a alkaline degradation product.<br>References Haginaka, J., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 31, 4436 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Temperature Sensitive, Very Unstable<br>Applications Thienamycin is one of the most potent naturally produced antibiotics known thus far. It has excellent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is resistant to bacterial β-lactamase enzymes.<br>References Kahan, J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 32, 1 (1979); Bradley, J., et al.: Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 11, 93 (1999); Spratt, B., et al.: Antimcrob. Agents Chemother., 12, 406 (1977);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light and Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications Δ2-Cefadroxil is a derivative of Cefadroxil (C235750), a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Buck, R.E., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 11, 324 (1977)<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled impurity of Gatifloxacin.<br>References Naber, C., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45, 293 (2001), Herzler, M., et al.: J. Anal. Toxicol., 27, 233(2003), Pragst, F., et al.: Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 42, 1325 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications Reagent used in the preparation of Cephalosporin antibiotics.<br>References Choi, K., et al.: J. Antibiotics, 50, 279 (1997), Bharathi, C., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 43, 733 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Posaconazole Impurity;<br>Applications 2,5-Anhydro-1,3,4-trideoxy-2-C-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-D-threo-pentitol is building block to synthesize key intermediates towards synthesis of highly active azole antifungals Sch 51048, Sch 56592 and Sch 45012. It is also an impurity/intermediate for posaconazole (P689600).<br>References Saksena, A., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 37, 5657 (1996); Lovey, R., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 35, 6047 (1994); Saksena, A., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 1787 (1995)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Cefpodoxime Proxetil EP Impurity F<br>Applications 2-Formyl-cefpodoxime Proxetil (Cefpodoxime Proxetil EP Impurity F) is a useful intermediate to prepare cefpodoxime proxetil (C243860), a cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections.<br>References Fujimoto, K., et al.: J. Antibiot., 40, 370 (1987); Utsui, Y., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31, 1085 (1987)<br></p>

<p>Applications Amoxicillin sodium (Amox) (cas# 34642-77-8) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ceftazidime EP Impurity H<br>Applications Ceftazidime Methyl Ester (Ceftazidime EP Impurity H) is an impurity of Ceftazidime (C244100). Ceftazidime impurity G.<br>References Miyake, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 486, 182 (1989), Seibert, G., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 33, 1084 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Linezolid USP Related Compound B<br>Applications Deacetyl Linezolid Thioacetamide is an impurity of Linezolid (L466500), an oxazolidinone antimicrobial which inhibits bacterial mRNA translation. Linezolid USP Related Compound B.<br>References Brickner, S.J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 673 (1996); Ford, C.W., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1508 (1996); Rybak, M.J., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 18, 456 (1998); Stevens, D.L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Applications Produced concentration-related relaxations of mouse anococcygeus, in a range similar to that already found for NO and other nitrovasodilators. A potent relaxant of non-vascular smooth muscle. Serves as an NO donor.<br>References Bauer &amp; Fung: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 256, 249 (1991), Gibson, A., et al.: Brit. J. Pharm., 107, 715 (1992), Shaffer, et al.: J. Pharm. Exper. Ther., 260, 286 (1992), Jansen, A., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 261, 154 (1992), Lander, H.M. et al.: J. Immunol., 150, 1509 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Streptidine is a metabolite derivative of Streptomycin (S687500), an antibiotic (antimycobacterial) drug, used for patients suffering from tuberculosis or other infectious diseases.<br>References Granados, O., et al.: Histology and Histopathology, 20, 357 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications Erythromycin (E649950) derivative.<br></p>

<p>Applications Found in the metabolic decomposition of Chloramphenicol by Alcaligenes faecalis. A Chloramphenicol (C325030) derivative.<br>References Obojska, K. et al.: Microbiologia Generalis 3, 63 (1971)<br></p>

<p>Applications Protected Penicillamin.<br>References Klingstroem, J., et al.: Eur. J. Immunol., 36, 2649 (2006), Atyabi, F., et al.: J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 9, 4593 (2009), Yip, K., et al.: Brit. J. Pharmacol., 156, 1279 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Stability Very unstable<br>Applications Cefixime Impurity is an impurity of Cefixime (C242800); an orally active third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Kamimura, T., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 25, 98 (1984); Yamanaka, H., et al.: J. Antibiot., 38, 1738 (1985); Guay, D.R.P., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 30, 485 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin Impurity O EP<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Clarithromycin (9Z)-O-Methyloxime is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750); a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic and derivative of Erythromycin (E650000).<br>References Morgan, D., et al.: J. Chromatogr., 502, 351 (1990); Benson, C., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 6, 173 (1987); Boyanova, L., et al.: J. Med. Microb., 61, 85 (2012); Lin, Z., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 126, 114 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Erythrolosamine is a derivative of Erythromycin A Oxime (E650010), which displays no antibacterial activity. It is a potent precursor of ketolide antibiotics.<br>References Basnet, D. et al.: J. Biotech., 135, 92 (2008); LeMahieu, R. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 17, 953 (1974)<br></p>

<p>Applications Amino(3-​chlorophenyl)​acetic Acid functions as intermediate useful in the preparation of synthetic penicillins, also used in the structure-activity relationship examination of several drugs containing the benzyl moiety, their roles in biochemical and pharmacological processes.<br>References Hansch, C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 13, 957 (1970); Holdrege, C. T., et al.: Can. (1975), CA 966853 A2 19750429;<br></p>

<p>Applications Tigecycline pentacyclic analog is an impurity of Tigecycline (T440015), one of the very few glycylcycline antimicrobials that exhibit activity against Gram-negative bacteria and also one of the few that also circumvent around the major resistance mechanisms of tetracycline.<br>References Grosse, E., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. (Supplement 5), 41, S341 (2005); Livermore, D.: J. Antimicrob. Chemoth., 56, 611 (2005); Stein, G. &amp; Craig, W.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 43, 518 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications cis-1-Hydroxy-2,7-diamino Mitosene is derived from Mitomycin C (M371900), which is an antitumor antibiotic. It is antineoplastic. Also, it is an oxazolidinone derivative resulting from a cyclization reaction of bicarbonate with the aziridine ring of aziridinomitosene.<br>References Kinoshita, S., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 14, 13 (1971); Beijnen, J.H., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 16, 361 (1986); Paz, M. M.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 20, 31-34 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(2-Fluoro-4-nitrophenyl)morpholine is a reactant in the synthesis of 5-​substituted oxazolidinone derivatives with high antimicrobial activity.<br>References De Rosa, M., et. al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 69, 779 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Rifabutin Impurity C is an impurity of Rifabutin (R505000), a semisynthetic derivative of Rifamycin S that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis.<br>References O’Brien, R.J., et al.: Infect. Dis., 9, 519 (1987), Anand, R., et al.: Antimicrob. AG. Chemother., 32 (684 (1988), Skinner, M.H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agent Chemother., 33, 1237 (1989),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Tiamulin Hydrogen Fumarate Impurity C<br>Applications Reagent used in the addition of Thiobistriethylamine.<br>References Evers, M., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 13, 4415 (2003),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Flucloxacillin EP Impurity B<br>Applications Flucloxacillin Penilloic Acid (Flucloxacillin EP Impurity B) is a degradation product/impurity of Flucloxacillin (F419200).<br>References Aboul K.A., et al.: Anal. Lett., 17, 1667 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Terbinafine EP Impurity D; Terbinafine USP Related Compound D; Terbinafine BP Impurity D<br>Applications N-[(2E)-6,6-dimethyl-2-hepten-4-yn-1-yl]-N,4-dimethyl-1-naphthalenemethanamine (Terbinafine EP Impurity D; Terbinafine USP Related Compound D; Terbinafine BP Impurity D) is an impurity of Terbinafine (T107500), an orally active, antimycotic allylamine and a specific inhibitor of squalene epoxidase.<br>References Petranyi, G., et al.: Science, 224, 1239 (1984); Ryder, N.S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 27, 252 (1985); Evans, E.G.V., et al.: Br. Med. J., 318, 1031 (1999);<br></p>

<p>Applications Cefmetazole Lactone is an impurity of cefmetazole (C242850), which is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derived from Cephamycin. Antibacterial.<br>References Nakao, H., et al.: J. Antibiot., 29, 554 (1976), Iwata, M., et al.: Jpn. J. Exp. Med., 48, 401 (1978), Shindo, H., et al.: Chemoterapy, 27, 64 (1979), Nishida, M., et al.: J. Antibiot., 32, 1319 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Applications A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Goodhart, F., et al.: J. Pharamac. Sci., 62, 133 (1973), Maier, H., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 42, 980 (1992),<br></p>

<p>Applications Ixabepilone is an anti-tumor agent used in the treatment of patients suffering from solid tumors, such as metastatic breast cancer.<br>References Duska, L. et al.: Gynecol. Oncol., 135, 44 (2014); Deeken, J. et al.: Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 73, 1071 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-t-Butyl Linezolid is a derivative of Linezolid (L466500), prototype of the oxazolidinone antimicrobials; inhibits bacterial mRNA translation.<br>References Brickner, S.J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 673 (1996), Ford, C.W., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1508 (1996), Rybak, M.J., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 18, 456 (1998), Stevens, D.L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Lovastatin EP Impurity D<br>Applications Lovastatin Dimer (Lovastatin EP Impurity D) is an impurity in Lovastatin (L472225) bulk drug.<br>References Houck, A., et al.: Talanta, 40, 491 (1993),<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Bromo-2-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine is an intermediate in the synthesis of Tedizolid (T013750), an known oral and intravenous antibiotic.<br>References Xin, Q. S., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 54, 7493 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Acetyl Cefixime is the N-acetylated analogue and impurity of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, Cefixime (C242800).<br></p>

<p>Impurity Cefixime EP Impurity F<br>Applications Cefixime Ethyl Ester is an ester impurity of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, Cefixime (C242800).<br>References Bian, L. et al.: Yao. Fen. Zaz., 30, 872 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(2-Chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylic Acid-13C4 Ethyl Ester is an isotope labelled derivative in the synthesis of Flucloxacillin (F419200), a new semisynthetic penicillin with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.<br>References Macsari, I., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 3871 (2011); Cui, Y., et al.: Curr. Sci., 89, 531 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications Selamectin is a topical parasiticide and also used as a veterinary antihelminithic agent on animals.<br>References Eshar, D., et al.: J. Am. Veterin. Med. Association., 241, 1056 (2012); Geis-Asteggiante, L., et al.: J. Chromatograph., 1258, 43 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Unstable in Solution<br>Applications Cefathiamidine is an antibacterial agent that exhibits a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria.<br>References Chen, H.Y., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 12, 19 (1983); Philpott-Howard, J., et al.: Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl., 39, 109 (1983); Chen, H.Y., et al.: J. Med. Microbiol., 23, 141 (1987);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Amoxicillin EP Impurity B ; Amoxicillin USP Related Compound B<br>Applications L-Amoxicillin (Amoxicillin EP Impurity B) is an isomer of Amoxicillin (A634235), a semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.<br>References Brogden, R.N., et al.: Drugs, 18, 169 (1979), Bird, A.E., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 23, 1 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Applications E-Ceftazidime is an impurity of Ceftazidime Pentahydrate (C244100); which is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Brodie, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 17, 876 (1980); Richards, D.M., et al.: Drugs, 29, 105 (1985); Abounassif, M.A., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 19, 95 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Flucloxacillin EP Impurity D<br>Applications 3-(2-Chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylic Acid (Flucloxacillin EP Impurity D) is an impurity of Flucloxacillin (F419200), a new semisynthetic penicillin with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.<br>References Macsari, I., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 3871 (2011); Cui, Y., et al.: Curr. Sci., 89, 531 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications Pipecolic Acid (P479760) derivative. Found in wheat, rye and barley.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Potassium Clavulanate EP Impurity K<br>Applications tert-Octylamine (Potassium Clavulanate EP Impurity K) is used in the synthesis of aminomethyltetracycline dericatives as novel antibacterial agents. Also used in the preparation of carbonyl or sulfonylpyrrolidine containing uracil derivatives which have potent effect in the inhibitoon of deoxyuridine triphosphatase inhibitors.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Clark, R. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 56, 8112 (2013); Miyakoshi, H. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 55, 2960 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications The Δ2-isomer of Cefotean (C242970). It is useful as intermediate in the preparation of cephalesorin compounds.<br>References Sugioka, T., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 38, 1998 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Tacrolimus Methylacryl Aldehyde (USP)<br>Applications Tacrolimus Methyl Acryl Aldehyde is the degradation product of Tacrolimus (F370000), a novel macrocyclic lactone isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis, having immunosuppressant activity.<br>References Asano, K., et al.: In Vivo, 10, 537 (1996), McCall, E., et al.: Circ. Res., 79, 1110 (1996), Raufman, J.P., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 271, 19877 (1996), Rokaw, M.D., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 271, C194 (1996), Knoll, G.A., and Bell, R.C.: Brit. Med. J., 318, 1104 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid with antitumor activity isolated from the Caribbean tunicate, Ecteinascidin turbinata. It is the first marine anticancer agent approved in the European Union for patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Antineoplastic.<br>References Sakai, R., et al.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 89, 11456 (1992), Aune, G., et al.: Anticancer Drugs, 13, 545 (2002), Herrero, A., et al.: Cancer Res., 66, 8155 (2006), Sugasawa, K., et al.: Carcinogenesis, 29, 455 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications (Z)-7-(((2R)-2-Carboxy-2-((4-oxopentan-2-yl)amino)ethyl)thio)-2-((S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxamido)hept-2-enoic Acid is an impurity of Cilastatin (C441100), prevents renal metabolism of penem and carbapenem antibiotics by specific and reversible dehydropeptidase I inhibition. Antibacterial adjunct.<br>References Finlay, K.R., et al.: Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 24, 1147 (1983), Norrby, S.R., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 23, 300 (1983), Washburn, D.E., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 12, 39 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ciprofloxacin Impurity E<br>Applications Ciprofloxacin impurity. Ciprofloxacin Impurity E<br>References Borner, K, et al.: J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 24, 325 (1986), Lacroix, P., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 14, 641 (1996), Barron, D., et al.: Anal. Chim. Acta, 415, 83 (2000,<br></p>

<p>Applications Ciprofloxacin Lactate is an antibiotic that has been used to medicate polymer wound dressing. Ciprofloxacin Lactate has been shown to produce high and sustained serum bactericidal titers against highly susceptible bacteria.<br>References Yu, H., et. al.: J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 101, 2453 (2006); Dudley, M.N., et. al.: DICP, Annals, Pharmacotherapy, 23, 456 (1989)<br></p>

<p>Applications Imipenem intermediate.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 2-Chloroethoxy Roxithromycin is an impurity of Roxithromycin (R700850); a semisynthetic Erythromycin (E649950) derivative and antibacterial.<br>References Jones, R.N., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 24, 209 (1983); Barry, A.L., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 5, 536 (1986); Grassi, C., et al.: Chemioterapia, 6, 41 (1987); Gasc, J.C., et al.: J. Antibiot., 44, 313 (1991);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,6-Methylene-2,5-piperazinedione is an impurity of Cycloserine (C988800), an antibacterial agent.<br>References Ajo, D., et al.: J. Molec. Structure.,141, 415 (1986); Gentry-Weeks, C., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 268, 7298 (1993); Alexander, F., et al.: Eur. J. Biochem., 219, 953 (1994); Auger, S., et al.: Biochimie, 87, 231 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications Protected form of FK-506 (Tacrolimus)<br>References Rokaw, M.D., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 271, C194 (1996), Knoll, G.A., et al.: Brit. Med. J., 318, 1104 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications Bis-clindamycinyl Phosphate is an impurity of Clindamycin (C580000), which is an antibiotic prepared from Lincomycin (L466200), used to treat various infections.<br>References Birkenmeyer, R.D., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 13, 616 (1970); Oesterling, et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 59, 63 (1970); Gray, J.E., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 21, 516 (1972); Brown, L.W., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 10, 75 (1981);<br></p>

<p>Applications (R)-(-)-2-(2,5-Dihydrophenyl)glycine is a cycohexadiene based amino acid used in the preparation of cephalosporin-type antibiotics such as Cephradine (C261800).<br>References Kemperman, G.J. et al.: Eur. J. Org. Chem., 10, 1817 (2001); Takano, S. et al.: Yakug. Zas., 102, 617 (1982);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Di-2-(Hydroxyphenyl)acetamido Cefprozil is an impurity in the synthesis of Cefprozil (C243910), semisynthetic oral cephalosporin consisting of approx. 90:10 Z/E isomeric mixture. Antibacterial.<br>References Jones, R.N., et al.: Diagn. Microb. Infect. Dis., 9, 11 (1988), Barbhaiya, R.H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 34, 1204 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity E<br>Applications 6,11-Di-O-methyl Erythromycin (Clarithromycin EP Impurity E) is a Di-O-alkyl Erythromycin (E649950) is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750). Clarithromycin impurity E per British Pharmacopoeia.<br>References Morimoto, S. et al.: J. Antibiot., 43, 286 (1990); Kohno, Y. et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 26, 503 (1990);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,3,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzoic Acid is used in the synthesis of diterpenoid analogs as antitumor compounds. Also used in the synthesis of novel quinoline lactones.<br>References Li, D. et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 64, 215 (2013); Zheng, H. et al.: Lett. Org. Chem., 10, 252 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Methyl-2,5-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrazine is a degradation product of Clavulanic Acid (C563750), a β-lactamase inhibitor, typically added to amoxicillin to increase its effectiveness.<br>References Reading, C. and Cole, M.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 11, 852 (1977), Ball, A.P., et al.: Lancet, 1, 620 (1980), Brogden, R.N., et al. Drugs, 22, 337 (1981); Haginaka, J. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 33, 218 (1985);<br></p>

<p>Applications Pseudoerythromycin A Hemiketal is an impurity of Erythromycin (E649950), an antibiotic.This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).<br>References Koch, W.L., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 157 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Ethyl (Z)-[2-amino-4-thiazolyl](methoxyimino)acetate is used in the preparation of ceftriaxone-d3 (C245002), which is a labelled antibacterial.<br>References Reiner, R., et al.: J. Antibiot., 33, 783 (1980)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Clarithromycin EP Impurity L<br>Applications Clarithromycin (9Z)-Oxime (Clarithromycin EP Impurity L) is an impurity of Clarithromycin (C559750); a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic and derivative of Erythromycin (E650000).<br>References Esteban, J., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 45, 5563 (2004); Morgan, D., et al.: J. Chromatogr., 502, 351 (1990); Benson, C., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 6, 173 (1987); Boyanova, L., et al.: J. Med. Microb., 61, 85 (2012); Lin, Z., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 126, 114 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Erythromycin Glucoheptonate is a derivative of Erythromycin (E649950), an antibiotic.<br>References Delaforge, M. et al.: Biochem. Pharm., 32, 2309 (1983); Niederau, W. et al.: Chemother., 26, 121 (1980);<br></p>

<p>Applications A derivative of 7-Aminodeacetylcephalosporanic Acid (A604330) derivative with bactericidal properties. Used in the preparation of penicillin and deacetylcephaphosphorin derivatives.<br>References Borowicz, P. et al.: Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm., 31, 227 (1979);<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate in the preparation of Cycloserine (C988800).<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(5-Mercaptotetrazole-1-yl)ethanolis a mercaptotetrazole derivative used as an intermediate in the preparation of beta-lactam antibiotic Flomoxef (F401850) as well one of its metabolite. 2-(5-Mercaptotetrazole-1-yl)ethanol also shows vitamin K-dependent glutamylcarboxylase inhibitory activity.<br>References Oka, T. et al.: Jap. J. Pharmacol., 46, 165 (1988); Konaka, R. et al.: Chemotherapy, 35, 137 (1987);<br></p>

<p>Applications Lovastatin-d9, is the labeled analogue of Lovastatin (L472225), an antihypercholesterolemic agent. A fungal metabolite, which is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase.<br>References Bilheimer, D.W., et al.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 4124 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Applications Di-TFA Salt of 2,6-Diamino-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-ribo-Hexose is a degradent of Tobramycin (T524000) a single factor antibiotic comprising about 10% of nebramycin, the aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. Antibacterial.<br>References Koch, K.F., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 309 (1970), Welles, J.S., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 22, 332 (1972), Dash, A.K., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 24, 579 (1996),<br></p>

<p>Applications [3-Fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]carbamic Acid Phenylmethyl Ester is an intermediate in the synthesis of Linezolid Dimer (L466520), an impurity of the antibacterial agent Linezolid (L466500).<br>References Xu, Heteroatom, Chem., 19, 316 (2008); Wang, J.W., et al.: Lett. Org. Chem., 5, 336 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Simvastatin EP Impurity F<br>Applications Epi Lovastatin (Simvastatin EP Impurity F) is a Lovastatin impurity; an antihypercholesterolemic compound.<br>References Hoffman, W.F., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 29, 849 (1986),<br></p>