Peptidi

<p>A hydroxyproline glycine peptide in acid form. This peptide is a substrate for prolyl dipeptidase. Ingestion of the Hyp-Gly dipeptide can improve skin conditions. Hyp-Gly ingestion improves facial skin moisture and elasticity and reduces facial aging. Additionally, Hyp-Gly enhances fibroblast proliferation.</p>

<p>Glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 is a post-translationally modified version of proglucagon. GLP-1 (1-37) is a naturally produced analog of GLP-1. Unlike truncated GLP-1, GLP-1 (1-37) does not alter food intake in rat models or pancreatic insulin secretion. GLP-1 (1-37) can induce insulin production in developing adult intestinal cells via upregulation of the ngn3 gene and its downstream targets. This can restore glucose homeostasis when implanted into diabetic mice. GLP-1 (1-37) may offer a  future treatment for diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 (1-37) can also inhibit chemokine-induced migration of human CD4-positive lymphocytes, an early step in atherogenesis. This raises the possibility that GLP-1 (1-37) is part of a novel mechanism to modulate vascular disease.</p>

<p>Peptide H-GPGGVWAAEAISDAR^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.</p>

<p>Epinecidin-1 is an antimicrobial peptide which can act against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Its cytotoxic properties give it potential to be used in cancer therapy.</p>

<p>Nef is an accessory protein highly conserved amongst all primate lentiviruses, it is essential for viral replication in vivo- it is expressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV-1 and HIV-2. Nef acts as a downregulator of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) expression in HIV-infected cells to help circumvent the immune response, such as Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. An intact nef gene is critical for high viral loads, linked to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Certain alleles of HLA have been associated with maintaining a seronegative status such as HLA-A*1101.This nef peptide sequence contains the region considered to be a a C-proximal adaptor-protein (AP) interaction site. The presence of various nef motifs such as this are an intense area of investigation to understand if they are a factor in patients who remain clinically asymptomatic. This nef fragment is provided with an N-terminal acetyl group to increase its stability.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (353-370) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Forms of inherited muscular dystrophy such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) result from mutations targeting the dystrophin gene. These disorders are X-linked, progressive, and cause the gradual weakening of the muscles leading to respiratory failure and ultimately reduces the patient lifespan.In DMD, mutations lead to the production of premature stop codons and hence the truncated dystrophin protein product is vulnerable to nonsense mediated decay and degradation. Therefore, dystrophin production in muscle cells is reduced. On the other hand, nonsense mutations which also contribute to DMD, cause exon skipping in BMD and result in an internally truncated protein product which are partially functional. The symptoms of BMD are later onset compared with DMD which develop in patients between 2 to 7 years.Treatments of dystrophin disorders are in clinical trials including antisense oligonucleotide exon skipping and gene therapy. However, the efficacies of these treatments are not easily quantified. Currently levels of muscular dystrophin are quantified by western blot which can be unreliable. The peptide provided here, aligning residues dystrophin (396-405), has been shown to provide absolute quantification of dystrophin levels from biopsies using parallel reaction monitoring. This will hopefully allow better management of dystrophin disorders with better quantifications tools based on dystrophin (396-405). Further study with this dystrophin fragment could prove to be a vital step in the understanding and treatment of dystrophin disorders. Within our catalogue we also have other peptides tested for dystrophin quantification available plus the full-length dystrophin protein.</p>

<p>The dodecapeptide AR71 prevents melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) dimerisation and hence inhibits (MIA). It therefore has the potential to be used as a therapeutic in melanoma.</p>

<p>Cell-permeable calmodulin (CaM) agonist that binds to the EF-hand/Ca2+-binding site and can activate phosphodiesterase in the absence of Ca2+ and inhibit Ca2+ mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis.</p>

<p>CE-acid is a dipeptide of glutamate and cysteine. CE-acid has a formal charge of 0 and a range of biological and chemical uses. EC-acid is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>Galanin is predominantly an inhibitory neuropeptide expressed in humans and other mammals' brains, spinal cords, and gut. Galanin signalling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors GalR1-3. Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including nociception, waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, mood regulation and blood pressure regulation. Galanin appears to have neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2-10 fold upon axotomy and during seizure activity in peripheral tissues and the brain.The clinical relevance of galanin is related to several chronic neural disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression and cancer- those who suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression and Alzheimer's disease often express high levels of galanin. Conversely, intervention with galanin agonists (for example, M617, M1145 and M1153) were able to ameliorate disease symptoms such as Alzheimer's and have pro-nociceptive effects. Specifically, activation of GAL2 can alleviate such disease features in human and rodent models. This galanin (2-30) peptide has been used to characterise Galanin's binding sites and affinity for GALR receptors via competition binding analysis. Galanin (2-30) is a full agonist of the GALR2 receptor compared to its affinity for GALR1.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (261-275) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV EBNA 3C</p>

<p>Blocks Fas-FasL interaction, and in the Neuro2a cell model of ischemia protects against ischemic stroke-induced neuronal cell death by binding to Fas expressing cells and rescuing them from Fas mediated apoptosis.</p>

<p>Nef is an accessory protein highly conserved amongst all primate lentiviruses, it is essential for viral replication in vivo- it is expressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV-1 and HIV-2.-Nef acts as a downregulator of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) expression in HIV-infected cells to help circumvent the immune response, such as Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. An intact-nef-gene is critical for high viral loads, linked to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Certain alleles of HLA have been associated with maintaining a seronegative status such as HLA-A*1101. This nef peptide sequence (73-82) has highly conserved residues, a study crystalised it bound within HLA-A*1101. Further investigation using this peptide sequence, with the attached acetyl group for added stability, could elucidate the nature of resistance to HIV infection and the nef residues.</p>

<p>The histone H2A residues 78 to 86 are derived from histone 2A (H2A) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core.At the site of DNA entry on the outer nucleosome, the C-terminus of H2A is present and is able to interact with linker histones or other factors. This allows for variation and changes in nucleosome stability to occur. Furthermore Histone H2A has histone variants such as H2A.Z and H2A.X (which are present in all organisms) and these variants alter the organisation of the DNA.Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.</p>

<p>Soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are key to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Aβ oligomers constitute a significant component of senile plaques, and the presence of plaques is used to define AD.  Soluble Aβ is the most neurotoxic species- its presence correlates with AD onset and early progression. There is no current treatment to prevent the formation of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers. A proposed strategy to treat AD is the inhibition of Aβ oligomer interacting with the NMDA receptor. Disruption of NMDA receptor function and signalling molecules affect neuronal plasticity and development.Pep63 was identified via peptide array to block the interaction between Aβ oligomers and EphB2. Mouse AD model stereotactic administration of Pep63 into the dorsal hippocampus blocked the interaction between Aβ and EphB2, as shown by co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Reduced Aβ presence was detected following Pep63 treatment seen by ELIZA. Pep63 effectively reverses impaired memory deficits determined by the Morris water maze (MWM) on the AD mouse model.</p>

<p>Identification of cell penetrating conjugates has aided numerous areas of scientific development. The Drosophila transcription factor Antennapedia contains a homeodomain that can be internalised by cells to the cytoplasm and to the nucleus in a receptor-independent mechanism. The key residues for internalisation have been sequenced (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK), named penetratin, and used in several studies to aid entry of fusion proteins into cells.The full 60 amino acid homeodomain was fused to a T cell epitope of the influenza nucleoprotein and successfully internalised into T cells for presentation. The fragment known as penetratin was fused to a ligand for Grb-2 resulting in inhibition of downstream Grb-2 signalling events.- Penetratin has also been used in vivo to prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes by conjugating short antigenic peptides to the CPP. This penetratin has been synthesised with an N-terminal 6-azidohexanoic acid (Azhx) which can be used for various applications as a linker.</p>

<p>Antimicrobial and cytolytic peptide isolated from the venom of the spider wasp Anoplius samariensis. Anoplin has potent and board-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, antifungal properties against some plant pathogenic fungi, and no haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. At 10 amino acids long, anoplin is the smallest naturally occurring antimicrobial and cytolytic peptide, its small size may have advantages for chemical manipulation and medical application.</p>

<p>Cell-penetrating peptides  (CPP) conjugated to biomolecular cargo can provide targeted molecular treatments. This could be revolutionary for numerous conditions such as cancer, muscular dystrophy and many more. CPP often use the endosomal system to enter the cell. Still, they vary in their ability to escape the endosome allowing the cargo to reach its intended area within the cell. Most CPP activity escaping the endosome is weak, and the method is unclear.Dimeric fluorescent TAT (dfTAT) is a CPP composed of 2 TAT peptides with an N-terminal fluorophore tetramethylrhodamine. When incubated with cells, it shows a cytosolic localisation. A simple co-incubation method of dfTAT with a cargo results in efficient endosomal leakage and release of the cargo to the cytosol. dfTAT has been shown to efficiently deliver a wide variety of cargos to the cell, including transcription factors, antibodies, and metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles. One of the significant advantages of using dfTAT is that the co-incubation method of delivery allows dfTAT, and the cargo can be added as separate entities. This enables the controlled titration of material into cells through the modulation of cargo concentration independent of dfTAT.</p>