Peptidi

<p>Melanoma-associated antigen As (MAGEA) are a large family of tumour-associated antigens and a subclass of the larger family of cancer testis antigens (CTAs). These proteins are tumour antigens expressed in a variety of malignant tumours including: bladder- lung- skin and breast malignancies. In healthy tissue however their expression is restricted to germ cells of the testis, nervous system, foetal ovaries and placenta. In cancer cells, the MAGEA family proteins support growth, survival and metastasis, and contribute actively to malignancy. They are also involved in the regulation of the tumour suppressor protein p53 pathway and in regulating ubiquitin signalling in cancer cells. MAGEA expression is linked to poor prognosis in cancer patients. MAGEA subfamily proteins are recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and evoke a strong T cell reactivity against autologous tumour cells in culture.</p>

<p>123B9.</p>

<p>Cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP), is the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 antimicrobial peptide and shares 67% sequence identity with LL-37.CRAMP-18 is the anti-bacterial sequence derived from CRAMP, it possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP-18 also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise LPS activity.CRAMP is a cationic peptide, encoded for by the Camp gene and is highly expressed in bone marrow. Its expression is up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals and it is secreted by cells such as neutrophils, epithelial cells, and macrophages.</p>

<p>PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitors being developed for the treatment of cancer.PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are critical in regulating T cell activation, tolerance and immunopathology. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells. Several types of cancer cells overexpress PD-L1 in order to escape from the PD-1/PD-L1 immunosurveillance mechanism. In this way, Human PD - L1 inhibitor V could be used in the treatment of cancers that overexpress PD-L1.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the variable region on the heavy chain of immunoglobulin (Ig) which is part of the fragment antigen binding (Fab) fragment of antibodies. Ig or antibodies are made up of two heavy and two light chains both of which have a constant region and a variable region. The variable region, the antigen binding site, is composed of three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the variable heavy chain and three CDRs from the variable light chains. The amino acid sequences of the variable region differ between each antibody allowing Ig to bind to specific antigens.The variable regions are encoded by a variety of V, D and J gene segments. During somatic recombination different combinations from the V, D and J varieties can be joined together. Consequently this gives rise to a diverse variable region.The Ig heavy chain can be classed as being either: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD or IgE each of which change the function of the antibody.</p>

<p>Albumin (318-328) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>T regulatory cell epitopes (Tregitopes) are a set of natural T cell epitopes derived from immunoglobulin G. These peptides are Treg-activating and show some promise in prophylactic and therapeutic studies in type 1 diabetes mellitus: which is associated with effector T cell (Teff) destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-islet cells. In non-diabetics, self-reactive T cells are deleted during thymic development, rendered anergic, or converted into natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress autoimmune responses.Tregitopes are processed and presented by MHC class II molecules. They can suppress effector T cell responses, and up-regulate Treg-associated cytokines and chemokines. Tregitopes help stimulate 'antigen-specific adaptive tolerance induction' (ASATI) to modulate antigen-specific transplant rejection and to reduce immune responses to allergens in vitro and in vivo. Tregitope 289 is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>ANP (1-23) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.</p>

<p>G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56/ ADGRG1) is a novel and evolutionarily conserved regulator of peripheral nerve development and function, with important implications for human health and disease.During Schwann cell (SC) development, GPR56-dependent RhoA signalling promotes timely radial sorting of axons. In the mature peripheral nervous system (PNS), GPR56 is localised to distinct SC cytoplasmic domains. Here it is required to establish proper myelin thickness, and facilitate organisation of the myelin sheath.</p>

<p>Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been used as a model in rhesus monkeys to understand human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral life cycle and lead towards drug development. HIV specific CD8+ T-cell (cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) responses are important in the control of viral replication. Inducing a sustained HIV-1 specific CD8+ T-cell response is the target for vaccine development by using conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The HIV gag gene encodes p17 and p24. Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core of the virus that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex. SIV encode a homologous Gag peptide, this allows use of rhesus monkey models to better understand the immune response to SIV/HIV.A CTL recognition epitope of SIV p24 Gag, residues TPYDINQML, activates the immune response. SIV Gag peptides have been used as effective epitopes in immunological assays to assess CTL response. Stimulation of rhesus monkey cells with TPYDINQML epitope triggers CD8+ T lymphocytes to produce soluble factors (β-chemokines) that inhibit SIV replication. Further work may lead towards a HIV vaccine using the Gag epitopes.</p>

<p>Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein found in all prostate tissue- androgen levels negatively regulate its expression. PSMA expression correlates with cancer aggressiveness and represents an independent indicator of poor disease outcomes. PSMA is being explored as a clinical biomarker to allow differentiation of aggressive prostate cancers from other cases using imaging and RT-PCR.The epitope PSMA (35-40) is from the splice isoform PSMA-1. There has been progress in generating PSMA targeting radioligands as a therapy for various cancers. θ and β radiation probes such as 177Lu-PSMA-617 have been developed and shown in trials to be clinically effective treatments against metastatic prostate cancer. Other studies have tested the PSMA targeting radioligands efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer cells. Further work with the PSMA (35-40) epitope could help progress the outlook for these aggressive cancers.</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA-A is a human MHC class I cell surface receptor and is involved in presenting short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. Melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE-A1) is part of a well-characterized group of cancer/testis antigens (CTA) that are encoded as a separate cluster on the X chromosome. MAGE-I antigens are mainly expressed in highly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells and therefore may be ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. Expression of MAGEs has been reported several types of cancer including: lung- breast- thyroid- colon- stomach- liver and bladder where MAGE-A is considered to be a poor prognostic factor.This peptide corresponds to part of the MAGE-A1 sequence which is presented on the MHC class I antigen HLA-A*02.</p>

<p>Histone H3.3 is a replication-independent histone variant, which replaces canonical histone H3.1/2 outside of S phase. H3.3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle, as well as in quiescent cells and is referred to as the 'replacement histone'. H3.3 is largely deposited in a DNA synthesis-independent fashion by a distinct set of chaperones proteins. H3.3 accumulates in post mitotic cells, such as cerebral cortical neurons and is incorporated at sites of UV damage where it protects against sensitivity to UV light. H3.3 deposition occurs on DNA sequences that are transiently nucleosome-free, such as during transcription and DNA repair, therefore serving as a marker for regions of high transcriptional activity. H3.3 is also enriched in heterochromatic subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions. H3.3 plays important roles in many developmental contexts such as in stem cells, during fertilization and reproduction and during reprogramming of genomes following fertilization or somatic cell nuclear transfer. Mutations in histone H3.3 are common events in certain cancers.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 Membrane protein (141-158)</p>

<p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe muscle wasting X-linked genetic disease cause by mutations in the gene encoding the muscle structural protein, dystrophin. Exon skipping therapy remains a key approach for treatment of DMD but still requires considerable research to improve efficient and specific delivery of molecules to myofibers. Use of a phage library identified this sequence as having a high affinity for myofibers. Conjugation of this peptide to novel DMD molecules could provide the insights needed in the field.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-21) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone H3 (1-21) has been utilised in research as a substrate for methyltransferase (Histone 3 K4 and K9) and acetyltransferase (Histone 3 K9 and K14) assays. Histone H3 (1-21) and these assays have already provided vital insights into the role's modifications play on the core histone functions. However, with so many histone modifications in different conditions still to be characterised the histone H3 (1-21) peptide still has a lot of insight to provide in the field.</p>

<p>The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that causes South American trypanosomiasis expresses peptidases during its entire parasitic life cycle. Understanding better the function and specificity of the peptidases may lead to new inhibitors and potential therapies. It has been shown this alkaline peptidase has a preference for basic amino acids at position one and position two of the substrate. The sequence Leu-Gly-Arg was shown to have a high Km and high Vmax compared to other peptides tested.Provided here is a fluorogenic peptide substrate for Trypanosoma cruzi alkaline peptidase. In its entire state, this peptide is not fluorescent. However, this peptide is cleaved by T. cruzi alkaline peptidase. Upon rhodamine 110 fluorophore release, fluorescence can then be detected. This peptide, therefore, allows for the quantification of T. cruzi alkaline peptidase activity. Rhodamine 110 is a widely used red fluorescent probe.</p>

<p>Pep-1 is a synthetic cell penetrating peptide (CPP) and has been successfully used to deliver a variety of proteins and other biopharmaceutical macromolecules into cells in a non-disruptive manner. It is a CPP with primary amphipathicity, which results from its amino acid sequence as opposed to its folding structure. The primary structure of Pep-1 comprises three main domains: a tryptophan-rich, 'hydrophobic' domain, a hydrophilic domain derived from an NLS (nuclear localisation signal) of SV40 (simian virus 40) large T-antigen, and a spacer.Pep-1 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-Pep1 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification and peptide design.</p>

<p>LHRH.</p>

<p>PTH 13-34 is a biologically active fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with hypertensive activities. PTH 13-34 is being trialled as a possible treatment for osteoporosis (to replace the existing recombinant human PTH 1-34 treatment peptide).PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development.</p>