Peptidi

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 is part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase heterotetramer for mediating coronavirus RNA synthesis. NSP7 and NSP8 form a channel to confer processivity on RNA polymerase. NSP7 aids in stabilising NSP12 regions involved in RNA binding and is essential for a highly active NSP12 polymerase complex. These factors make NSP7 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP7 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP7 (31-45) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>DOTA-conjugated somatostatin analogue for labelling with radiometals such as gallium-67 or gallium-68, indium-111, and yttrium-90. Known as DOTA-TATE, this is a useful tool in receptor-mediated tumour imaging and peptide receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. Binding of DOTA-TATE is detected by scintigraphy even at low level. The high expression of somatostatin receptors allows their successful use as radiolabelled octreotide analogues for tumour tracing in nuclear medicine. Binding of DOTA-TATE can occur at sights of inflammatory or immunologic diseases where increased lymphocyte binding is occurring.A few radioligands have been applied on the basis of peptide receptor recognition in the past. However, an optimal radiopeptide for receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy has yet to be achieved. Ongoing developments may result in peptides more suitable for this kind of receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. Further work with this DOTA-TATE could provide that vital inroad.</p>

<p>Peptide corresponding to residues 206-214 of murine islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP), the autoantigen targeted by pathogenic CD8+ T cells in non obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Cells that recognize IGRP(206-214) are present in the earliest islet infiltrates of NOD mice and undergo avidity maturation as islet inflammation progresses to overt disease.</p>

<p>Alloferon 1, a member of the Alloferons is extracted from the blood of experimentally infected Callifora vicina fly and demonstrates both antimicrobial and anti-tumour activity . The Alloferons are bioactive, cationic peptides and exhibit the ability to stimulate Natural Killer cell activity and IFN synthesis. Due to studies investigating the effect Alloferon 1 would have on the central nervous system it was shown that Alloferon 1 had no toxic effects and therefore has the potential to be used as an anti-tumour therapeutic.</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide of the 20S proteasome. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when Rhodamine fluorophore is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing the activity of the 20S proteasome as well as other chymotrypsin-like proteases and calpains. This peptide is also a substrate for chymase, papain, carboxypeptidase Y, proteinase yscE (kexin) and ingensin.The presence of the D-proline residue on the C terminal of the rhodamine molecule ensures one directional rhodamine cleavage which simplifies fluorescence studies. Rhodamine 110 is a laser grade fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at 496 nm and emission maxima at 522 nm.</p>

<p>Palmitoyl GQPR tetrapeptide.</p>

<p>Biotin-Tat (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically Biotin-TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively. Additionally, Biotin-TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.This peptide contains a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification.</p>

<p>An angiotensin II (Ang-II) receptor antagonist, the sequence of the angiotensin II anti-peptide has been derived from the anti-sense mRNA complementary to the human Ang-II mRNA. The anti-peptide shares 50% sequence homology with Ang-II and acts to inhibit some of Ang-II's biological activities.Ang-II is a key signalling peptide of the renin angiotensin system (RAS), which is involved in regulating blood pressure, cardiovascular function and energy balance. RAS activity is elevated in obesity and is widely studied in relation to lifestyle-related diseases. Ang-II is produced from angiotensinogen (AGT) via the intermediate angiotensin I (Ang-I). AGTis cleaved by the aspartyl-protease, renin, to produce Ang-I, which is then cleaved by the dicarboxyl-peptidase angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE removes a histidine and a leucine, from the C-terminus of Ang-I to form Ang-II.Ang-II exerts its affect by binding to the G-protein-coupled receptors- Ang II type 1 (AT1) and Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptors. Ang-II plays central roles in glucose metabolism and blood pressure. Increased levels of Ang-II have also been associated with Alzheimer's disease, and certain cancers including oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), brain cancers and breast cancer. The effects of Ang-II appear to be supressed by another branch of the RAS- the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway.</p>

<p>Palmitoyl KTTKS pentapeptide.</p>

<p>There are three members of the p160 family of steroid receptor coactivators, SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3. These steroid receptor coactivators control the functional output of numerous genetic programs and serve as pleiotropic rheostats for diverse physiological processes. Coactivator proteins interact with nuclear receptors in a ligand-dependent manner and augment transcription.</p>

<p>Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) are a useful tool for drug delivery, but their cell-specific uptake is still being improved. Work with the model amphipathic peptide (MAP) has been important in this field. CPP MAP is an amphipathic α-helix and has been well characterised for its ability to spontaneously permeate the cell membrane by interacting with the lipid bilayer. As a CPP, MAP causes increased membrane permeability and a degree of cell leakage. MAP is being extensively studied to optimise drug delivery in numerous cell lines with the target of creating a viable clinical method. Interestingly, the CPP function of MAP also provides it with bactericidal properties by effecting the membrane permeability. MAP is a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) against gram negative Neisseria meningitidis, the pathogen of meningococcal disease.MAP is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-MAP allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>Histatins are histidine rich cationic peptides produced in salivary glands and released into the saliva. The main histatins that make up more than 80% of histatins in saliva are histatin 1, histatin 3 and histatin 5. There are two histatin genes, one which encodes histatin 1, and one that encodes histatin 3, all other histatins are derivatives of these two histatins. Histatin 3 is a precursor of histatin 5, each with distinct roles.Histatin 5  is considered an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) as it has antibacterial activity as has been shown against opportunist infections such as P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus. Histatin 5 also has potent anticandidal activity for example against Candida and Leishmania, it is shown to be the strongest antifungal of the histatins.  The antifungal activity functions by invasion of the microbe and entry to the mitochondria, histatin 5 then inhibits ATPase activity resulting in rapid depletion and ultimately bacterial cell death/apoptosis. As a salivary peptide, it inhibits Bacteroides gingivalis proteinase clostripain and protease activity microbe implicated in periodontal disease.</p>

<p>This is an incretin hormone that causes glucose dependent release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. It is the cleavage product of GLP-1 (1-36) amide peptide.  This peptide, human GLP-1 (7–36), shares the same sequence with preproglucagon (78-107), amide, human.</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA), found at the HLA-A locus. HLA-A is one of three major types of human MHC class I cell surface receptors. The receptor is a heterodimer, and is composed of a heavy alpha chain and smaller β chain. MHC Class I molecules such as HLA-A are part of a process that presents short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. This peptide corresponds to the Hepatitis B variant (HBV) core sequence which is presented on the MHC class I antigen HLA-A*02 and contains fluorescein, a widely used flourescent dye.</p>

<p>EB1 is a penetratin analogue that was synthesised to be an endosomolytic cell penetrating peptide (CPP). Certain amino acids in the penetratin sequence were replaced with histidine to encourage formation of an alpha helix upon protonation in the acidic endosomes. As a CPP, EB1 has been shown to form a strong interaction with the phospholipid bilayer during insertion with rapid cellular uptake, there is a moderate amount of cell leakage and no significant cytotoxicity. EB1 is provided here as a C-terminal amide with a N-terminal 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag often preferred due to its high stability absorbance 492 (nm), 518 emission (nm).</p>

<p>AAT is a highly abundant serine protease inhibitor primarily produced in the liver to protect the lung tissue. However, misfolding of AAT can result in significant liver disease, lung disease, and cancers. Defective AAT is characteristic of the misfolding protein diseases known as serpinopathies.Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was used to identify Ac-TTAI-amide as a ligand effecting α1-antitrypsin stability. Interaction of Ac-TTAI-amide with AAT results in increased stability and reduced polymerisation. Thus Ac-TTAI-amide is a useful target for further research in to serpinopathy management.</p>

Peptide H-VASSGLQSVVHR^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.

<p>The AH1 peptide is a H2-Ld-restricted epitope derived from the sequence of the gp70 envelope protein of the ecotropic mammalian C-type retrovirus, murine leukaemia virus (MuLV, emv-1).The envelope gene products of MuLV are expressed in a variety of tumour cells, including B16 melanoma, lymphomas and leukaemia's. AH1 peptide is a tumour-associated antigen and is highly expressed on CT26 and C51 tumour cells.</p>

<p>A20FMDV2, a peptide derived from the foot and mouth disease virus, inhibits the epithelial-specific integrin alphavβ6 and here is labelled with 4-fluorobenzoyl as the light version of the PET ligand 4-[18F]Fluorobenzoyl A20FMDV2 which can be used for in vivo imaging.</p>

<p>Amino acids 1-15 of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), this fragment represents one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase.Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>Tat (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively. Additionally TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide of the 20S proteasome. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when aminomethylcoumarin (AMC) is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing the activity of the 20S proteasome as well as other chymotrypsin-like proteases and calpains. This peptide is also a substrate for chymase, papain, carboxypeptidase Y, proteinase yscE (kexin) and ingensin.AMC is a fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at around 360 nm and emission maxima at around 450 nm. AMC can be excited with a mercury lamp and observed using a UV filter set.</p>

<p>Venom peptidomes and proteomes have yielded significant novel drug discoveries. The non-disulphide bridge peptides (NDBPs) have become a particular focus due to their large range of structures as well as biological activity while retaining high specificity.In scorpion venom A. crassicauda, AcrAP1 was identified as a NDBP. Data shows it has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast while also capable of haemolysing of horse erythrocytes. However, AcrAP1 did not affect the growth of the cancerous cell lines tested. Therefore, this peptide could be a useful model for modification to improve its potency. Furthermore, it may allow researchers to identify specific targets in disease pathways for new drug designs. A significant example of this, bradykinin-potentiating peptide Captopril® manages hypertension and originated from the conserved NDBP family.</p>

<p>The pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is linked to the health of endothelial cells in the heart.- However, the specific characteristics of the cardiovascular endothelial cells are still being uncovered. The heart homing peptide specifically binds to a receptor on cardiovascular endothelial cells. This peptide can be used as a conjugate to deliver molecules specifically to the heart. This can be a crucial tool in therapeutic drug delivery for CVD, angiogenesis, and thrombosis.</p>

<p>α-connexin carboxyl terminal peptide that specifically targets and maintains Cx43 at gap junction sites between cell-cell membrane borders of breast cancer cell.- Thus it augments gap junction activity and impairs proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells with no effect on non-transformed cells.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression.Additionally, Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] has a C-terminal GKK linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag. This peptide also has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>Osteogenic Growth Peptide (OGP) is derived from the C-terminal sequence ALKRQGRTLYGFGG of Histone H4. This 14-aa peptide is produced from alternative translation of Histone H4 mRNA.</p>

<p>Delivery of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligonucleotides to targeted cells is becoming a viable therapeutic strategy by redirecting RNA splicing for conditions like Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The use of novel cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) has helped create targeted, and increased activity of the PNAs delivered.PNA internalization peptides (Pip)  is a specifically designed CPP for conjugation to PNAs. Pips were designed to improve PNA activity observed in HeLa cells determined by splicing redirection assays and increased serum stability determined by mass spectrometry. Of the Pip series, Pip1 enters the cell in an energy-dependent manner, primarily via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Pip1 conjugated to a PNA was determined to be well transported into the cell but is not the most stable against proteolysis. However, this may benefit some cargo depending on the intracellular destination. As a CPP for DMD, the proteolysis of Pip1 was deemed an issue but showed promise for other conjugates in HeLa cells.Pip1 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-Pip1 allows various applications, particularly for protein conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.</p>

<p>Aminopeptidase fluorogenic substrate. Upon cleavage of the bond between leucine and the 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (AFC) group an increase in fluorescence between 495-505nm can be detected using an excitation wavelength of 395-400nm.</p>

<p>Peptide identified through phage display that binds to colorectal cancer cell line RKO cells, as well as other cancer cells including Caco-2, HCT 116 and HCT-15, but not to normal cells, possibly through targeting the monocarboxylate transporter 1, which has been implicated in colorectal cancer progression and prognosis. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-4 agonist peptide represents the N-terminal sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.</p>

<p>Human adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) also known as corticotropin. ACTH is a tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and member of the melanocortins peptide family. ACTH is cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with the ACTH receptor ACTHR, also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R). Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase.Abnormal ACTH levels in the body has been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency</p>

<p>Galanin is predominantly an inhibitory neuropeptide expressed in humans and other mammals' brains, spinal cords, and gut. Galanin signalling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors. The functional role of galanin remains largely unknown- however, galanin is predominantly involved in the modulation and inhibition of neuron action potentials. Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including nociception, waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, mood regulation and blood pressure regulation. Galanin appears to have neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2-10 fold upon axotomy and during seizure activity in peripheral tissues and the brain.The clinical relevance of galanin is related to several chronic neural disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression and cancer those who suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression and Alzheimer's disease often express high levels of galanin. Conversely, intervention with galanin agonists (for example, M617, M1145 and M1153) manifests anti-insulin resistance and anti-Alzheimer's disease characteristics and ameliorates or reinforces depression-like behaviour. Specifically, activation of GAL2 can alleviate such disease features in human and rodent models. This galanin (2-30) peptide has been used to characterise Galanin's binding sites and affinity for GALR receptors via competition binding analysis. Galanin (2-30) is a full agonist of the GALR2 receptor compared to its affinity for GALR1.Galanin (2-30) is provided with an N-terminal 5-FAM, a widely used green fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection and a C-terminal cysteine for site-specific conjugation. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 490 nm/520 nm.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-18) is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Lysine 4 of H3 (1-20) has been tri-methylated.</p>

<p>The P11-family of peptides comprises over 20 different peptides which self-assemble into β-sheet structures to form self-supporting isotropic hydrogels under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 140 mM NaCl). Self-assembling peptides of the P11-family undergo one-dimensional self-assembly, forming single molecule thick, micrometer-long β-sheet nanotapes. Further assembly results in the nanotapes stacking in pairs to form ribbons which further assemble to form fibrils, then pairs of fibrils can entwine to form fibres. Such self-assembling peptides are important biomaterials and may be useful for the development of novel biomaterials for tissue engineering scaffolds and dental enamel remineralisation.</p>

<p>The SOD1 homodimer forms a β-barrel and contains an intramolecular disulphide bond and a binuclear Cu/Zn site in each subunit. This Cu/Zn site holds a copper and zinc ion and is responsible for catalysing the disproportionation of ROS, namely superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen. In binding to copper and zinc ions, SOD1 is one of three superoxide dismutases responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals.The clinical relevance of SOD1 is related to its function in regulating ROS in the mitochondria of cells. Most notably, SOD1 is a crucial enzyme involved in ROS release during oxidative stress by ischemia-reperfusion injury, specifically in the myocardium as part of ischemic heart disease. During ischemia reperfusion, ROS release substantially contribute to the cell damage and death via a direct effect on the cell as well as via apoptotic signals. SOD1 is known to have a capacity to limit the detrimental effects of ROS. As such, SOD1 is important for its cardioprotective effects.</p>

<p>Spexin is a neuropeptide encoded by SPX genes, and homologs have been found amongst many vertebrates. The SPX genes encode a preprohormone that leads to the mature hormone spexin, which is highly conserved amongst higher vertebrates. Another form, SPX2, has been identified and named spexin 2. Both sequences of spexin and spexin 2 are highly conserved, suggesting they each play vital roles.Like spexin, spexin 2 is widely expressed in various tissues. This is an amidated spexin-2 (53-70) peptide showing similar biological function to its non- amidated version. Spexin-2, when administered to rats, decreases heart rate and increases urine flow rate. Intraventricular NPQ(53-70) delivery also causes antinociceptive activity in mice's warm water tail withdrawal assay.</p>

<p>Biotin gliadin-derived peptides derived from Gliadin peptides, the component of wheat involved in the gastrointestinal symptoms of wheat allergy and Celiac Disease (CD). During wheat allergies histamines and leukotrienes are secreted due to gliadin peptide sequences cross-linking two IgE molecules on mast cells and basophils.The glutamine and proline rich peptides of which Gliadin is composed of are resistant to proteolysis during digestion, leaving them active in the gastrointestinal tract. Subsequently these are deamidated by tissue transglutaminase and can bind to HLA-DQ2 or DQ8. As a result in patients with the autoimmune disease CD, there is a Th-mediated inflammatory immune response against these gliadin peptides.Gliadin can exert additional effects on the intestinal microbiota and ileal barrier function. It has been found that gut microbiota members such as Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus have the ability to digest and inactivate gliadin peptides hence reducing their inflammatory effects in the gastrointestinal system.Here Biotin (B7) has been added. Biotin is a cofactor for several mammalian biotin-dependent carboxylases which are involved in processes such as gluconeogenesis, amino acid metabolism and fatty acid synthesis.</p>

<p>C5a receptor peptide antagonist which can ameliorate experimentally-induced colon inflammation in mice. It can also reduce fibrillar amyloid deposits, decrease hyperphosphorylated tau levels and rescue cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Also improves hindlimb grip strength and slows disease progression in the hSOD1G93A-mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Orally active and brain penetrant.</p>

<p>Amyloid β 1-15 (Aβ1-15) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and alpha-secretase.Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Contains an N-terminal Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) fluorophore. TAMRA is a pH-stable orange-red fluorescenct dye with good photostability.</p>

<p>IRBP (161-180) derived from the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), present in the interphotoreceptor matrix and is expressed by cone and rod photoreceptors in the eye. IRBP is involved in retinoid delivery and protects retinal cells from oxidative stress.In retinitis pigmentosa patients, IRBP can be subjected to mutations resulting in a non-secreted form of IRBP to be produced. Furthermore IRBP gene mutations have been associated with high myopia and retinal dystrophy.The expression of IRBP is reduced in diabetes patients which may lead to visual cycle misfunction and the photoreceptors can be vulnerable to damage.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (466-480) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Venom peptidomes and proteomes have yielded significant novel drug discoveries. The non-disulphide bridge peptides (NDBPs) have become a particular focus due to their large range of structures as well biological activity while retaining high specificity.AcrAP2 was identified as a NDBP in A. crassicauda within highly conserved family of proteins. Data shows it has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast while also capable of haemolysing horse erythrocytes. However, AcrAP2 did not affect the growth of cancerous cell lines tested. Therefore, this peptide could be a useful model for modification to improve its potency. Furthermore, it may allow researchers to identify specific targets in disease pathways for new drug designs. A significant example of this, bradykinin-potentiating peptide Captopril® manages hypertension and originated from the conserved NDBP family.</p>

<p>Sal-like4 (SALL4) derived peptide able to antagonise the SALL4-NuRD complex in hepatocellular carcinoma, turning SALL4 from a dual transcription repressor-activator to a singular transcription activator. Displays antitumour effects in xenograft mouse models.</p>

<p>TMPRSS4 (199-207) fluorogenic peptide</p>

<p>Small peptide design has become of interest to catalyse chemical transformations within the cell. The aim is to generate peptides to enhance the hybridization of attached oligonucleotides to complementary DNA sequences. (AAKK)4 is modelled on the surface of staphylococcal nuclease, it a short cationic lysine-rich peptide that can deliver a nucleophile to DNA or RNA. (AAKK)4 peptide can improve DNA-PNA (peptide nucleic acid) hybridisations dramatically as well as increase strand invasion rate. (AAKK)4 peptide is a non-lipid approach for cell penetration which is preferable for certain cell lines due to cytotoxicity issues. (AAKK)4-antisense conjugates have been used to silence gene expression.(AAKK)4 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-(AAKK)4 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 (1-15)</p>

<p>Bradykinins and their associated kinins are inflammatory mediators produced during inflammation. The two main kinins in mammals are the nonapeptide bradykinin, BK (1-9) and the decapeptide kallidin (KD), [Lys0]-BK(1-10). Their biological actions are mediated by two distinct receptors, termed B1 and B2.-BK is involved in several pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, pain, cell proliferation, and tumours. It plays a crucial role in corneal epithelial cells, corneal stromal cells, and fibroblasts.Inflammation has been reported as one significant hallmark of breast cancer in relation to tumour development, metastasis, and invasion. The bradykinin receptor 1 (B1R) associated with kallidin is highly expressed on inflammatory breast tumour cells thus providing a promising targeting site for tumour recognition and sufficient receptor mediated endocytosis.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-21) K9Me2 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (1-21) lysine 9 has been dimethylated.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) proteins which are differentially expressed in mammalian skeletal muscles.</p>

<p>[5-FAM]-TAT is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively. Additionally TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>The LDVP peptide (CS1), located in the type III connecting segment (V-region) of fibronectin, exhibits cell binding properties thus contributing to the adhesion of fibronectin to other cells.</p>

<p>Proinsulin connecting peptide (C-peptide), links the A and B chains of proinsulin. Upon enzymatic cleavage of C-peptide from pro-insulin in the pancreas, C-peptide is released into the blood stream along with insulin (A- and B-chains bonded together) in equimolar quantities. C-peptide can influence a wide variety of physiological conditions linked to diabetes, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and encephalopathy. C-peptide is able to ameliorate and reverse the degrading effects of neuropathy in diabetes.</p>

<p>Acetylated α-synuclein (1-7) amide is derived from the alpha-synuclein intrinsically disordered protein which is found in the neurons and presynaptic terminals. Encoded by the SNCA1/PARK1 gene alpha-synclein is structurally composed of 140 amino acids, making up the three domains: N-terminal membrane binding domain, a hydrophobic non-amyloid-β component domain and a hydrophilic C-terminal domain. Usually alpha-synuclein plays a role in protecting neurons from apoptotic stimuli and is involved in synaptic vesical trafficking.However it has been found that the accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. It is further involved in the fibrilisation of amyloid-b and tau which play a major role in Alzheimer disease. Amyloid fibrils are formed from alpha synuclein monomers within the cytosol and when bound to membranes these monomers can undergo conformational changes to form protofibrils and then ring like oligomers. This can result in the formation of transmembrane pores which disrupts the membrane, calcium homeostasis and signalling.Alpha-synuclein can be subjected to the post-translational modifications of phosphorylation and N-terminal acetylation. When acetylation occurs at the N-terminus of an alpha-synuclein monomer, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds are altered thus reducing the rate of alpha-synuclein aggregation and the strength at which it interacts with the membrane is increased.</p>

<p>Galanin is a widely distributed neuropeptide in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral regions and endocrine system. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. Galanin has a role in energy homeostasis. Central injections of galanin to the amygdala led to food intake in rats. Galanin also acts in the CNS to inhibit neurotransmitter release, such as acetylcholine. Galanin has been implicated in numerous neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy. A better understanding of the galinergic signalling pathways may uncover a source for therapeutics for conditions such as epilepsy.Unlike human galanin, full-length porcine galanin contains only 29 amino acids and is C-terminally amidated. The first 15 residues are still highly conserved.  The best-recognized effect of galanin on the endocrine pancreas is the inhibition of insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo on multiple model systems, including rats, dogs, and mice. However, the same effect cannot be achieved at the same concentrations in human models with infusions of porcine galanin. Structural activity and point mutation studies show that the N-terminal (1-15) fragment is vital for the interaction/activation of the GAL receptor and the inhibition of insulin secretion.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV EBNA 3</p>

Custom research peptide; min purity 95%. For different specs please use the Peptide Quote Tool

<p>Human adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is a tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and member of the melanocortins peptide family. ACTH is cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with the ACTH receptor- ACTHR, also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R). Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase.Abnormal ACTH levels in the body has been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency. ACTH (15-24) has been shown to be a competitive ACTH receptor antagonist and can be used as a method to combat the overproduction of cortisol. Treatment with ACTH (15-24) inhibits activation of a specific melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) by inhibiting adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-induced production of cortisol. ACTH (15-24) is provided here with a C-terminal cysteine residue for conjugation reactions.</p>

<p>Apidaecin IB was isolated from the honeybee Apis mellifera. As a cationic proline-rich antimicrobial peptide (PrAMP), Apidaecin IB shows sequence homology with drosocin but is devoid of any pore-forming activity. Apidaecin IB is most active against gram-negative bacteria, it can navigate the outer membrane to the periplasm and then to the cytoplasm. Apidaecin IB is a non-lytic AMP, the main target of its antimicrobial activity appears to be inhibition of the chaperone heat shock protein DnaK. Toxicity appears to be exclusively to bacteria and thus has been trialled as a treatment for systemic bacterial infections. Numerous analogues and derivatives are being investigated to establish Apidaecin IB mode of action and also to improve its functionality.</p>

<p>Gag peptide, derived from the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), is a homologue of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gag protein which interacts with viral components in order to induce the infectious form of the virus. SIV can be used to model HIV.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones fundamental for compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome.-Lysine 4 of Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] has been tri-methylated, lysine 9 has been acetylated and the C-terminal has been labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green, fluorescent tag. Additionally, this peptide contains an uncharged C-terminal amide.LD: Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. The lysine at position 9 has been acetylated, which neutralizes the positive charge on the amino acid, loosening the chromatin structure. This alteration to the accessibility of chromatin promotes the initiation of transcription.Additionally, Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, K9Ac-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] has a C-terminal GKK linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag. This peptide also has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>H1 is the linker histone and is important for chromatin condensation, it binds to the nucleosomal core particles and protects the free linker DNA (ˆ¼20 bp) between each nucleosome. H1 can fine-tune transcription in a locus-specific manner. H1 is involved in several processes, its interaction partners include: pre-mRNA splicing factors- histone chaperones- components of the transcription machinery and DNA-damage response factors. There a 12 subtypes of the H1 linker histone, and they are thought to have specific functions, making H1 the most divergent histone protein family. Like other histones, H1's are extensively post-translationally modified with modifications including: methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, formylation, poly-ADP ribosylation and phosphorylation.Changes in H1 composition and expression levels are seen in several cancers and other diseases.</p>

<p>The Histone H2A residues 1 to 20 are derived from histone 2A (H2A) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core.At the site of DNA entry on the outer nucleosome, the C-terminus of H2A is present and is able to interact with linker histones or other factors. This allows for variation and changes in nucleosome stability to occur. Furthermore Histone H2A has histone variants such as H2A.Z and H2A.X (which are present in all organisms) and these variants alter the organisation of the DNA.Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.Biotin has been added to the lysine on GGK.</p>

<p>Orexin-A (also known as hypocretin-1) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that regulates feeding behaviour, reward processes, cognition, the sleep-wake cycle and stress. Orexin-A is involved in stress induced mental illness such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders and may therefore be a potential target for treatment of these conditions.Orexins are excitatory neuropeptides generated from the prepro-orexin precursor that is exclusively localised in cells of the lateral and posterior hypothalamic region. Orexins are also widely expressed in human and mammalian retinas, such as bipolar cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells.Orexin-A activates the orphan G-protein-coupled orexin receptor, type 1 (OX1R) and 2 (OX2R). There are approximately 10,000-20,000 orexinergic neurons in the human brain.</p>

<p>LP2</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (556-570) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Pantinin-3, like other pantinin peptides, has high activity against Gram-positive bacteria yet weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria. With the exception of S. aureus, pantinin-3 displays the highest activity against all Gram-negative bacteria for which it has been tested. Pantinin-3 also displays activity against Candida tropicalis and has relatively mild haemolytic activity against human red blood cells.</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA-A is a human MHC class I cell surface receptor and is involved in presenting short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase is a multifunctional enzyme that can use both RNA and DNA as a template for amplification and also has an RNase H function. First the polymerase acts on the HBV pre-genomic RNA (pgRNA) to reverse transcribe it to form the (-) DNA strand. Simultaneously the RNA template is degraded by the polymerases RNase H activity, except for a stretch of RNA at 5' end of the pgRNA which is used to prime the synthesis of the (+) DNA strand. This process results in a new partially double-stranded relaxed circular DNA molecule (rcDNA) within a new capsid.</p>

<p>Residues 1-16 of the gastrointestinal hormone motilin, secreted from endocrine cells in the small intestines, mainly from the jejunum and duodenum, in response to the fasting, drinking water or the mechanical stimulus of eating.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues TQAFGRRGPEQTQGN (271-285) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Boc-VPR-AMC is a fluorogenic peptide substrate composed of the short peptide chain, Valine-Proline-Arginine (VPR) and the fluorophore, 7-amino-4-methlycoumarin (AMC). Fluorogenic peptide substrates such as Boc-VPR-AMC have high sensitivity and specificity and therefore can be used to detect molecules of interest. For example within the field of scientific forensics, Boc-VPR-AMC can be used to investigate deposits of saliva in situ. When Fluorogenic peptide substrates are incubated with specific enzymes, fluorescence is emitted due to the release of the fluorophore from the peptide-fluorophore bond. When Boc-APR-AMC interacts with its target enzyme, the 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin fluorophore is released causing a fluorescent emission at 440nm.</p>

<p>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E7 protein (49-57) immunogenic Human Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitope encoded by human papillomavirus 16 type E7 with very high affinity binding to defined HLA molecule. CEF control peptides are the gold standard for effectively stimulating adaptive immune cells in cytokine assays.</p>

<p>The pathology of coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemia are linked to the health of endothelial cells in the heart.- However, providing molecular therapies specifically into myocardium remains elusive. The cardiac targeting peptide (CTP) was shown to specifically transduce cardiomyocytes as it is a cationic PTD.This peptide can be used as a conjugate to deliver molecules specifically to the heart. This can be a crucial tool for research into therapeutic drug delivery for ischemic attacks and infarctions. This peptide is research quality and therefore for research purposes only, and not for use in a therapeutic setting.</p>

<p>Mammalian bombesin-like peptide neurotransmitter that is an agonist for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). It exhibits physiological functions such as gastrin and somatostatin release and chemoattraction within the immune system.</p>

<p>Model substrate peptide for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)/ Chaperone protein DnaK. Binds to the substrate binding domain of DnaK and is used in co-crystallisation assays. DnaK is the most well studied heat shock proteins and is central in protein folding and in shuttling misfolded peptides to other chaperones and proteases for resolution. In the presence of ADP, this substrate peptide interacts with DnaK with high affinity, however when ATP is bound to DnaK, substrate binding is far weaker.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of HIV-1-mediated cell-cell fusion in a dose-dependent manner, and exhibits high potency against infections by a wide range of primary and laboratory-adapted HIV-1 isolates from multiple genotypes. Highly effective against T20 resistant strains.</p>

<p>IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines, a determination based in part on the molecules β-trefoil structure, a conserved structure type described in other IL-1 cytokines. IL-33 acts intracellularly as a nuclear factor and extracellularly as a cytokine.IL-33 has been associated with several disease states through Genome Wide Association Studies: asthma, allergy, endometriosis and hay fever. A single-nucleotide polymorphism rs928413 (A/G), is located in the 5' upstream region of IL33 gene, and its minor 'G' allele was identified as a susceptible variant for early childhood asthma and atopic asthma development.</p>

<p>Immunogenic Human Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitope encoded by human papillomavirus 16 type E7 with very high affinity binding to the HLA-A*0201 molecule.</p>

<p>Kallikrein-2 inhibitor</p>

<p>Portion of HCMV pp65</p>

<p>Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in mammalian brains, primarily in neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the-peri-locus coeruleus and the principle sensory 5 nucleus of the trigeminus. NPS is involved in several neuroendocrine, behavioural and inflammatory responses, including: reducing anxiety in mice- suppressing appetite and inducing wakefulness and hyperactivity. NPS treatment can be used to improve fear extinction in mice and limit fear memory retrieval after fear reduction training, thus making it an interesting target for treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. NPS exerts its actions by binding to a G-protein coupled receptor, NPSR</p>

<p>Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide found throughout the body and the central nervous system (CNS). VIP is located within cell bodies and nerve endings of the enteric nervous system, brain and pancreas. VIP neurons in the peripheral system fire to regulate blood vessels, and the  CNS innervate cerebral vasculature. VIP  binds to G protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2. VIP and VPAC2 are detected in circular smooth muscle cells of cerebral arterioles. VIP and VPAC1 are also found in lymphatic tissue. VIP can block inflammation, modify the Th response favouring Th2 and induce regulatory T cells. VIP has been recognised as an immunosuppressive neuropeptide and studied as a treatment for inflammatory conditions. Model administration of VIP and VIP (1-12) can reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This suggests VIP and fragment (1-12) could lead to VIP-based therapies for inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS).The VIP N-terminal (1-12) has also been used in mass spectrometry as a control and to generate a method for C-terminal sequence analysis by MALDI-TOF MS.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>The cleavage of proglucagon forms glucagon. Increased levels of glucagon that can't be regulated are linked to diabetic hyperglycaemia and other pathologies. Typically, glucagon levels should be suppressed as glucose levels rise. However, the opposite has generally been found to be accurate, and the nature of this elevated immunoreactive glucagon has led to more research. Hyperglucagonaemia is a characteristic of several pathologies, but the detection of immunoreactive glucagon has yet to be fully verified due to the nature of available detection.Glucagon can be hydrolysed by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV) to products such as (18-29) and (3-29). Current methods for detecting glucagon rely on antibodies to the N terminus or  C-terminus to detect pancreatic glucagon. However, these antibodies may also detect truncated forms due to a pathology affecting the secretion, clearance or processing of proglucagon-derived peptides. Theoretically, these can be used in a sandwich process to detect only full-length glucagon. Therefore, the availability of the truncated glucagon (3-29) as a control to test the sensitivity of the available antibodies and the ELISAs is useful. Plasma levels from hyperglucagonaemic patients and healthy counterparts were used as a control to test the commercial glucagon assays and ELISAs. The truncated glucagon (3-29) provided valuable information about the sensitivity and specificity of the antibodies that have been used as an industry standard for glucagon measurement. This truncated glucagon is vital in ensuring our research moves forward with more controls and fewer assumptions.</p>

<p>NanoLuc (Nluc) is an engineered luciferase protein which was developed from the luciferase of deep-sea shrimp (Oplophorus gracilirostris). This luciferase protein is considerably smaller than firefly or Renilla luciferase yet has higher luminescent intensity.In the NanoBiT assay system the NanoLuc luciferase protein has been separated into a large fragment, LgBiT, and a small fragment SmBiT which corresponds to the C-terminal. When these two fragments interact NanoLuc activity is restored.</p>

<p>Pyroglutamyl β-Amyloid (4-14) Biotin is derived from Amyloid-β, which has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.This peptide contains a C-terminal Biotin tag that is covalently bonded via ethylenediamine and can be used for detection and purification. Additionally, there is a Pyroglutamyl molecule located at the N-terminal position.</p>

<p>[Sulfo-Cyanine3]-LifeAct (Abp140 1-17) contains the fluorophore sulfo-cyanine3 and the 17 amino acid peptide lifeact derived from amino acids 1-17 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin binding protein, Abp140. These first 17 amino acids of Abp140 are crucial in allowing lifeact to localise to actin filaments (F-actin) and therefore it can be used as a cytoskeletal marker. One application of lifeact is in the study of plant development and pathogen defence as filamentous actin within the plant's actin cytoskeleton is important in key processes such as cell division, membrane trafficking and stomatal movements. The addition of Atto655 which has single molecule (SM) imaging properties allows the location of lifeAct (Abp140 1-17) binding to be detected.</p>

Peptide H-GLTVLPPLL^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.

<p>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) protein superfamily and is expressed exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS) on the surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte processes. MOG is expressed at the onset of myelination, and therefore is a potential marker for oligodendrocyte maturation.MOG contains an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, a cytoplasmic loop, a membrane-associated region and a cytoplasmic tail.- MOG may function as a cell surface receptor or cell adhesion molecule. -Fifteen different alternatively spliced isoforms have been detected in humans. These are present either on the cell surface, the endoplasmic reticulum in the endocytic system, or in secreted form.The secreted form of MOG may trigger autoimmunity if released into the cerebrospinal fluid and periphery. MOG is thought to be a key target for autoantibodies and cell-mediated immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and is therefore widely studied in this field.Fragment 92-106 of MOG is able to induce experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model that resembles MS.</p>

<p>Balteatide is a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP) isolated from the skin secretion of wild Peruvian purple-sided leaf frogs,-Phyllomedusa baltea. Balteatide has activity against the Gram-positive bacterium,-Staphylococcus aureus- the Gram-negative bacterium,-Escherichia coli- and the yeast,-Candida albicans- against which, unusually, it is most potent. Bateatide is also devoid of haemolytic activity up to concentrations of 512 mg/L.Balteatide is C-terminally amidated which is common in AMP as it effectively removes a membrane-repelling negative charge and replaces it with a hydrophobic membrane-interacting group. AMPs are a fundamental component of innate immunity/molecular defence across most forms of life and act in a membranolytic fashion to destroy the integrity of microorganisms.Balteatide differs from the myotropic peptide, sauvatide, by just one amino acid (I at position 9 in balteatide and T in sauvatide), however sauvatide displayed little or no antimicrobial activity and balteatide is devoid of myotropic activity.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-2 agonist peptide represents the sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.This peptide has been shown to elicit a range of cellular responses including- histamine release from skin mast cells- IL-8 and lactoferrin secretion from peripheral blood neutrophils- increased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression- release of IL-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) from bronchial fibroblasts- secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and MMP-10 from epithelial cells- and production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the skin of mice and its release from T cells.PAR activation has been linked to inflammation and an increase in PAR-2 expression is seen in patients with septic shock.- Therefore compounds that-mimic or interfere with the PAR-activating processes are attractive therapeutic candidates.</p>

<p>N-terminal tryptic peptide of parathyroid hormone (PTH), used for quantification and optimisation in LC-MS/MS assays.PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development</p>

<p>Bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide-27 (BMAP-27) belongs to the cathelicidin family of peptides which displays rapid bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli. Cathelicidins belong to the large group of cationic peptides with amphipathic properties and have an important role in the mammalian innate immune system. BMAP-27 is cytotoxic to human erythrocytes and neutrophils, although at higher than microbicidal concentrations. It has a potential for the treatment of bacterial infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis-associated lung infections.</p>

<p>Orexin B is one of two closely related peptides- the orexins (also known as hypocretins). These small neuropeptides are secreted from orexin-containing neurons, located mainly in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Orexins function via the binding and activation of two G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)- orexin receptor type 1 (OX1) and 2 (OX2).[Ala(11), D-Leu(15)]orexin-B is a highly potent and selectiveOX2 receptor agonist which can discriminate between the OX1 and OX2 receptors, with a 400-fold selectivity for the OX2 over OX1. [Ala(11), D-Leu(15)]orexin-B is therefore a beneficial tool for addressing the functional roles of OX2.The L-leucine residue at position 11 of orexin B is important for selectivity to OX2 over OX1. L-Alanine substitution at position 11 and D-leucine substitution at positions 15 maintain the potency of orexin-B to OX2, while significantly reducing the potency for OX1.Orexins play several vital roles in a range of physiological activities, including: circadian rhythm- feeding behaviour- energy balance- glucose metabolism- neuroendocrine functions- stress-adaptive responses and reward and addiction. Orexins have also been linked to the pathological processes of neurological diseases such as: narcolepsy- depression- ischemic stroke- drug addiction and Alzheimer's disease.</p>

<p>This peptide is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from-Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA, serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of an (oligo)alanine residues as acyl acceptors, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the peptide and its biotin tag to the incoming nucleophile.- This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains an C-terminal biotin tag for detection and purification.</p>

<p>Ovalbumin (OVA) is the primary protein in egg-white, and is involved in initiating food allergies and asthma. It is a highly immunogenic protein and can be used for peptide conjugation in the development of antibodies.OVA (371-382) is a class I (Kb)-restricted peptide epitope of OVA. The ovalbumin fragment is presented by the class I MHC molecule, H-2Kb.</p>

<p>C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is expressed from numerous tissue types but primarily within the central nervous system and the bone. CNP binds the natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B) and acts as an autocrine/paracrine factor. CNP signalling acts as a positive regulator of endochondral bone growth. Both CNP and NPR-B are being explored as therapeutic targets for growth disorders including achondroplasia. CNP (1-22) is the major form of CNP found in the plasma. Exogenous CNP (1-22) can be cleared quite effectively, administration of a constant 'high' dose was able to overcome this obstacle to induce endochondral ossification and accelerated bone growth. However, CNP (1-22) may have the potential to induce systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure issues which would need to be addressed before future clinical applications. Researchers are trying to better establish the function and role of CNP (1-22) one strategy has been the addition of conjugates, such as the C-terminal of ghrelin, to try and improve the clinical efficacy.</p>

<p>Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide substrate derived from SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) S1/S2 site. This FRET peptide exhibits internal fluorescence quenching when intact, however hydrolysis of the peptide between the donor/acceptor pair generates fluorescence, enabling the quantitative measure of enzymatic activity. The S1/S2 site of SARS-CoV-2 S is efficiently cleaved by a wide range of proteases including furin.SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein is one of the four essential structural proteins from the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. S protein is a large, class I viral transmembrane protein essential for viral entry into the cell via binding to the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. S assembles as a trimer on the surface of the virion, giving it its distinctive 'corona' or crown-like appearance. The ectodomains of S proteins are divided into two subunits, S1 and S2. S1 helps in host receptor binding and is further divided into two subdomains: N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD), both of which act as receptor-binding domains. The S1 CTD contains the receptor-binding motif (RBM). The S2 subunit accounts for fusion. Peptide contains an N-terminal 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag and a 2, 4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp) quencher.</p>

<p>Reactivity to human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) is a risen concern in clinical treatments such as organ transplant rejection. Understanding the epitopes causing reactivity and the signalling pathways could lead to better clinical therapies. The peptides presented by the non-classical HLA-G are important for a largely tolerogenic role and are considered part of an immune checkpoint. This, therefore, makes understanding ligand characteristics and HLA-G a target for cancer therapies. The HS1 fragment (160-168) has been identified as an epitope that human leukocyte antigen HLA-G naturally presents, determined by liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-Ms/MS). This epitope has been used extensively in the literature to help understand the natural ligand presentation of HLA-G.For example, leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILRs) are key regulators of the immune response and therefore targets for therapeutics. Inhibitory LILRB1 and LILRB2 with HLA-G are pivotal for immunotolerance during pregnancy and autoimmune diseases plus cancer cell immune evasion. HS1 fragment (160-168) was used in binding affinity assays to clarify the conformational plasticity of the interaction between the receptor, the HLA antigen, and the various peptides HLA-G can accommodate.</p>

<p>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) protein superfamily and is expressed exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS) on the surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte processes. MOG is expressed at the onset of myelination, and therefore is a potential marker for oligodendrocyte maturation.MOG contains an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, a cytoplasmic loop, a membrane-associated region and a cytoplasmic tail. MOG may function as a cell surface receptor or cell adhesion molecule. Fifteen different alternatively spliced isoforms have been detected in humans. These are present either on the cell surface, the endoplasmic reticulum in the endocytic system, or in secreted form.The secreted form of MOG may trigger autoimmunity if released into the cerebrospinal fluid and periphery. MOG is thought to be a key target for autoantibodies and cell-mediated immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and is therefore widely studied in this field.The MOG (34-56) fragment is in the most potent auto-antigenic region of MOG, and is highly effective at inducing experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model that resembles MS. This peptide has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>Forms of inherited muscular dystrophy such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) result from mutations targeting the dystrophin gene. These disorders are X-linked, progressive, and cause the gradual weakening of the muscles leading to respiratory failure and ultimately reduces the patient lifespan.In DMD, mutations lead to the production of premature stop codons and hence the truncated dystrophin protein product is vulnerable to nonsense mediated decay and degradation. Therefore, dystrophin production in muscle cells is reduced. On the other hand, nonsense mutations which also contribute to DMD, cause exon skipping in BMD and result in an internally truncated protein product which are partially functional. The symptoms of BMD are later onset compared with DMD which develop in patients between 2 to 7 years.Treatments of dystrophin disorders are in clinical trial including antisense oligonucleotide exon skipping and gene therapy. However, the efficacies of these treatments are not easily quantified. Currently levels of muscular dystrophin are quantified by western blot which can be unreliable. The peptide provided here, aligning residues dystrophin (2690-2700), has been tested via western blot, mass spectrometry, immunostaining and RT-PCR to try and provide the most robust method of validation of dystrophin levels possible. Further study with this dystrophin fragment could prove to be a vital step in the understanding and treatment of dystrophin disorders. Within our catalogue we also have other peptides tested for dystrophin quantification available plus the full-length dystrophin protein.</p>

<p>CREB is a transcription factor that regulates diverse cellular responses including: proliferation- survival and differentiation- adaptive immune responses- glucose homeostasis- spermatogenesis- circadian rhythms and synaptic plasticity associated with memory. CREB is induced by a variety of growth factors and inflammatory signals and subsequently mediates the transcription of genes containing a cAMP-responsive element, including IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. In the immune system, CREB induces an anti-apoptotic survival signal in monocytes and macrophages, has a role in promoting the proliferation, survival and regulation of T and B lymphocytes and is required for the generation and maintenance of regulatory T cells. CREB also often promotes anti-inflammatory immune responses, such as through the inhibition of NF-KB activity, the induction of IL-10, and the generation of Tregs. These anti-inflammatory responses could be protective by inhibiting unwanted inflammation, tissue damage, and autoimmune responses, or they could be pathogenic in the context of infection and tumour immunosurveillance. Peptide is labelled with an N-terminal 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Flagellin is a structural protein which forms the major portion of bacterial flagellar filaments. The N- and C-terminals of flagellin are highly conserved regions, whereas the central core can vary greatly between bacterial species. Flagellin 22 (flg22) is the stretch of amino acids most conserved across bacterial species and is located towards the N-terminal of the flagellin protein.Flg22 is a potent elicitor of plant immune responses and is recognised in plants by the membrane bound leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2). Flg22 induces defence gene expression to trigger both local and systemic immune responses and is thus widely used in plant defence studies.</p>

<p>EC-acid has a formal charge of 0 and a range of biological and chemical uses. CE-acid is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>H3 is a core component of the nucleosome, functioning in DNA compaction and availability to transcription machinery. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodelling. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. There is a wealth of data recording these modifications but understanding their significance is not as clear. In Caenorhabditis elegans H3K23me3 can be induced by exogenous dsRNA and this modification can persist for four generations after the dsRNA exposure has been stopped. H3K23me3 is enriched in C. elegans heterochromatic regions, the histone methyltransferase SET-32, methylates H3K23 in vitro.A 20-mer fragment of the N terminal histone tail is provided here with threonine 22 phosphorylated and lysine 23 tri-methylated (pT22 K23Me3) with an N terminal biotin label attached. The biotin label should allow for easy use in detection by fluorescence microscopy, ELISA or western blots. Alternatively, it can be purified for protein-protein interactions with the appropriate affinity purification protocol.</p>

<p>Bombesin was originally isolated from the skin of the european fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) and has two known homologues Neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP).Bombesin-like peptides are involved in many physiological functions including: regulation of food intake- anxiety and fear-related behaviour, thermoregulation, stress response, learning and memory and in the stimulation of smooth muscle contraction. Bombesin is also a tumour marker for small cell carcinoma in the lung, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and neuroblastoma.The receptors for these two peptides are known as bombesin receptor type 1 (BB1 also known as NMB receptor) and bombesin receptor type 2 (BB2 also known as GRP receptor). Bombesin shows high affinity to both of these receptor subtypes. These bombesin-like peptides and their receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract.This peptide contains an N-terminal pyroglutamyl to prevent the intramolecular cyclisation of the N-terminal of glutamine to N-pyroglutamate (pGlu).</p>

<p>Identification of cell penetrating conjugates has aided numerous areas of scientific development. The Drosophila transcription factor Antennapedia contains a homeodomain that can be internalised by cells to the cytoplasm and to the nucleus in a receptor-independent mechanism. The key residues for internalisation have been sequenced (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK), named penetratin, and used in several studies to aid entry of fusion proteins into cells.The full 60 amino acid homeodomain was fused to a T cell epitope of the influenza nucleoprotein and successfully internalised into T cells for presentation. The CPP, penetratin, was fused to a ligand for Grb-2 resulting in inhibition of downstream Grb-2 signalling events.- Penetratin has also been used in vivo to prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes by conjugating short antigenic peptides to the CPP. Penetratin is provided here as a C-terminal acid but is also available in amide form.</p>

<p>(RXR)4XB is a cationic membrane-penetrating peptide and is effective in delivering phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs) into eukaryotic cells such as Escherichia coli. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Identification of cell penetrating conjugates has aided numerous areas of scientific development. The Drosophila transcription factor Antennapedia contains a homeodomain that can be internalised by cells to the cytoplasm and to the nucleus in a receptor-independent mechanism. The key residues for internalisation have been sequenced (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) and used in several studies to aid entry of recombinant proteins into cells. The peptide sequence described, known as penetratin, was fused to a ligand for Grb-2 resulting in inhibition of downstream Grb-2 signalling events.- Penetratin has also been used in vivo to prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes by conjugating short antigenic peptides to the cell penetrating peptide.On this sequence the N terminal active cysteine has been protected by a 3-Nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl group. This is a useful modification as it allows this peptide to be used as a carrier peptide in conjugation reactions- this is a particularly useful modification when the peptide-like molecule contains a free thiol group.</p>

<p>Forms of inherited muscular dystrophy such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) result from mutations targeting the dystrophin gene. These disorders are X-linked, progressive, and cause the gradual weakening of the muscles leading to respiratory failure and ultimately reduces the patient lifespan.In DMD, mutations lead to the production of premature stop codons and hence the truncated dystrophin protein product is vulnerable to nonsense mediated decay and degradation. Therefore, dystrophin production in muscle cells is reduced. On the other hand, nonsense mutations which also contribute to DMD, cause exon skipping in BMD and result in an internally truncated protein product which are partially functional. The symptoms of BMD are later onset compared with DMD which develop in patients between 2 to 7 years.Treatments of dystrophin disorders are in clinical trial including antisense oligonucleotide exon skipping and gene therapy. However, the efficacies of these treatments are not easily quantified. Currently levels of muscular dystrophin are quantified by western blot which can be unreliable. The peptide provided here, aligning residues dystrophin (2690-2700), has been tested via mass spectrometry to provide a more reliable method of validation of dystrophin levels. Further study with this dystrophin fragment could prove to be a vital step in the understanding and treatment of dystrophin disorders. Within our catalogue we also have other peptides tested for dystrophin quantification available plus the full-length dystrophin protein.</p>

<p>Glucagon (1-29)-[Cys(Cy5)] is derived from glucagon, which is a peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells located in the islet of Langerhans region of the pancreas. Glucagon is an essential catabolic hormone that is responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels. Once released into the bloodstream, glucagon stimulates the production of hepatic glucose, which means it is considered to be a glucose-mobilizing agent. Excessive levels of glucagon can result in the development of hyperglycaemia, since the action of glucagon results in abnormally high blood glucose levels.This peptide contains Cyanine 5 (Cy5), which is a widely used red fluorescent dye.</p>

<p>Infliximab is a biologic medicine used in the treatment of numerous autoimmune diseases including Crohn disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Infliximab binds with high affinity to tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) blocking most of the cytokine effects, which includes mediating the inflammatory responses. Infliximab is a chimeric human-mouse IgG monoclonal antibody- the constant regions of the heavy and light chains are human-derived. The heavy chain peptide (46-60) has been identified as an antigen for antigen-specific T cell analysis. Numerous methods of immunological analysis can be applied to this peptide to hopefully provide further insight to these autoimmune conditions.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-20)-[S]-Biotin is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into a structure known as the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Another modification process histones can undergo is biotinylation where the covalent attachment of a biotin molecule is catalysed by the enzyme Biotinidase. This cleaves biocytin to generate a biotinyl-thiester intermediate. The biotinyl can then be transferred onto the histone lysine ɛ-amino group which in this case it is covalently attached to Histone 3. Overall the biotinylation sites identified in histone 3 are: K4, K9 and K18. The presence of biotinylated histones have been detected in human cells such as lymphocytes and lymphomas.</p>

<p>Trans-activator of transcription (TAT) is a key protein from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). SIVs are retroviruses which cause often non-pathogenic infections of members of the simian species (monkey). Human immunodeficiency virus strains (HIV) developed from the SIV's. During HIV infection a small amount of TAT protein is produced early on which binds to an RNA stem-loop structure, the trans-activating response element (TAR), located at the 5' ends of HIV-1 transcripts, this binding results in increased production of full-length viral RNA. This positive feedback loop allows HIV to have an explosive response once a threshold level of TAT is produced, helping it defeat the bodies immune response. TAT protein also associates with RNA polymerase II complexes during early transcription elongation. TAT is also released into the host bloodstream where it can be absorbed by neighbouring, uninfected cells. TAT is toxic to these cells and induces apoptosis and inhibition of T-cell proliferation, thus assisting in the progression toward AIDS. Thus, TAT appears to be involved in both host immune suppression and viral dissemination.TAT is being investigated as a therapeutic target and as an agent to be used in a potential HIV vaccine.</p>

<p>Flagellin is the structural protein which forms the major portion of bacterial flagella filaments. The N- and C- terminals of flagellin are highly conserved regions, whereas the central core can vary greatly between bacterial species. Flagellin 22 (flg22) is the most conserved stretch of amino acids across bacterial species and is located towards the N-terminal of flagellin.Flg22 is a potent elicitor of plant immune responses and is recognised in plants by the membrane bound leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2). Flg22 induces defence gene expression to trigger both local and systemic immune responses and is thus widely used in plant defence studies.Truncated flagellin 22 (flg22-θ”2) represents amino acids 1-20 of flg22. It is a strong and selective agonist of tomato FLS2, with weak agonist activity towards Arabidopsis FLS2 even at high concentrations.</p>

<p>Scrambled peptide of JAG-1(188-204). Jagged - 1 is a cell surface ligand for in the Notch pathway. Notch receptors and ligands are present on the extracellular service of cells and require cell-cell contact for engagement. Ligand binding to Notch receptors results in the proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound Notch receptors, thus allowing the intercellular region to be transported to the nucleus and become a transcriptional activator. The ligand-induced Notch activation is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, Mindbomb1 (Mib-1) and Neuralized.JAG1 is widely expressed throughout mammalian development, across many tissues and developmental stages. Notch signalling plays a critical role in cellular fate determination including muscle cell differentiation, neurogenesis, and the development of the sensory regions of the inner ear- heart- kidney- eye- lung and other tissues.Jag-1 has been implicated in breast- cervical- colorectal- endometrial- gastric- head and neck- ovarian- hepatocellular- lung- pancreatic- prostate, and kidney and adrenocortical cancers, leukemia and lymphoma. Co-overexpression of Notch-1 and Jagged-1 predicts the poorest overall cancer survival. JAG1 mutations have also been associated Alagille syndrome.</p>

<p>Influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) residues 147-155 (TYQRTRALV) is from a conserved region of the nucleoprotein that is positively selected. NP (147-155) is an effective immunodominant CTL epitope MHC allele H-2Kd in mice that can induce an effective antigen-specific immunity. This was validated by HLA binding and cytotoxicity assays in human cells.  Immunisation of mice with the NP (147-155) offers protection against a fatal dosage of influenza. In addition, the NP (147-155) epitope can stimulate antigen-specific T cells in T cell assays such as ELISPOT to understand humoral responses to viral infection. Further work with the NP (147-155) epitope can help new flu vaccine design to provide more effective protection. This epitope is provided with a C-terminal biotin sequence for easier purification and detection.</p>

<p>Natalizumab LC46-58 KGN deimmunised</p>

Native Melan-A (26-35) decapeptide derives from the melanocyte lineage-specific protein Melan-A/MART-1, which is expressed in almost 75-100% of primary and metastatic melanomas. The region 26-35 of Melan-A protein acts as an antigenic peptide that is recognized by CD8+ tumor-reactive cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for designing antigen-specific cancer vaccines1. It has been shown that CD8+ Melan-A-specific CTLs isolated from melanoma patients efficiently lyse the Melan-A-expressing HLA-A*0201+ melanoma cell line. However, CTLs preferentially recognize the Melan-A (26-35) peptide as compared with the Melan-A (27-35) peptide. Moreover, the Melan-A (26-35) A27L analog (ELAGIGILTV) has a higher binding affinity to HLA-A*0201 than the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide (EAAGIGILTV), and consequently displays more potent antigenicity and immunogenicity. It has been reported that the concentration of Melan-A (26-35) A27L analog required to obtain 50% of maximal antigenic activity (EC50) is 0.01nM, whereas that of the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide is 0.25nM1. Therefore, the relative activity of Melan-A (26-35) A27L analog is 25 fold higher than that of the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide. Furthermore, functional competition assay has shown that the concentration of Melan-A (26-35) A27L analog required to achieve 50% inhibition (IC50) of tumor lysis is 2nM, which is 10 fold lower than that of the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide. Regarding peptide stability in human serum, the half-lifes (t1/2) of the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide and the A27L analog are quite similar (45 and 40min, respectively) as measured by HPLC-ESI-MS, but much higher than that of the Melan-A (27-35) nonapeptide (5min).

<p>Syntide-2 is a substrate peptide which was specifically designed to be homologous to site 2 in glycogen synthase. Syntide-2 is therefore phosphorylated by Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II as well as other calcium dependant kinases and protein kinase C. Synthase-2 can also be phosphorylated by CAMP-dependent protein kinase and to a lesser extent- phosphorylase kinase, but not by myosin light chain kinase.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 Membrane protein (172-188)</p>

<p>Binds to human transferrin receptor (TfR). This 12-amino acid peptide does not compete with transferrin for receptor binding and is able to internalise into TfR expressing cells.</p>

<p>SAMS peptide was originally designed as a selective substrate for mammalian 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) for use in kinase assays. However it is also able to be phosphorylated by the yeast AMP homologue- sucrose non-fermenting 1 kinase (SNF1) and SNF1-related kinases (SnRK1) in plants.The conserved family of kinases containing SnRK1, SNF1 and AMPK plays an important role in regulating cellular energy homeostasis.</p>

<p>Graft versus host (GVH) rejection has been linked to the mismatch of minor histocompatibility (H) antigens even when matched for the major antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The minor H antigens are encoded by autosomal and Y chromosome genes, they function as supports to MHC during synthesis. The prevention of GVH disease induced by minor H antigens is currently managed with immunosuppression. Using models and H antigen epitopes can provide research in to how GVH disease could be better managed by inducing tolerance. Mice are the preferred model for H antigen research due to their homogeneity apart from the Y chromosomal genes of the males. The peptide provided here is the T-cell epitope for the male-specific transplantation antigen (H-Y). It was derived from the mouse ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat gene on the Y chromosome (Uty) protein. Uty HY Peptide has been used to investigate transplantation tolerance of male to female grafts by inhibiting the effector CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.</p>

<p>LLO (91 - 99)</p>

<p>Jelleines are a family of very small (8-9 amino acid residues long) host defence peptides (HDPs) isolated from the royal jelly of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Jelleines do not present any similarity with other HDPs from other honeybees and are produced by the workers and secreted into Royal Jelly and provide abroad-spectrum protection of the bee hive against microbial infections. The Jelleines are not considered cytolytic or directly involved with inflammatory effects.Jelleine-I may be produced by tryptic digestion of MRJP-1 (produced in the hypopharyngeal glands of the worker honeybee and secreted into the royal jelly), followed by an exoproteinase action on N-terminal of the tryptic fragment. Jelleine-I is only 953.24-Da and exhibits excellent anti-microbial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi. Jelleine-I increases the production of cellular ROS and binds with genomic DNA, which may contribute to its anti-fungal activity.PLEASE NOTE that in several published articles the sequence of Jelleine-I has been printed as PFKLSLHL -NH2, due to a mistake in the original reference: Fontana et al., (2004). The correct sequence, is PFKISIHL-NH2.</p>

<p>BDC2.5 mimotope 1040-51 is a mimotope of BDC2.5 T cells which can recognise glutamic acid decarboxylase epitopes.</p>

(RXR)4XB is a cationic membrane-penetrating peptide and is effective in delivering phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs) into eukaryotic cells such as Escherichia coli. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.

<p>Transportan is an amphipathic 27 amino acid peptide that was generated from 12 functional amino acids of galanin and 14 amino acids of mastoparan connected via a lysine residue. Transportan has been functionally characterised as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) that does not appear to be mediated by endocytosis. All cell types tested were permeated by transportan, initially localising to the outer membrane it then travels to cytoplasmic membrane structures and eventually perfuses to the nucleoli. This CPP has been used for numerous applications and assays to great effect including indirect immunofluorescence and drug delivery.TP reveals some characteristic features of both galanin and mastoparan since it inhibits the binding of galanin to GALR-1 receptor as well as modulates the activity of G proteins due to the inhibition of GTPase activity.</p>

<p>Ghrelin is involved in several physiological processes, including feeding and lipid accumulation, stress response, anxiety, cardiac performance, immunity and inflammation, taste sensation, reward-seeking behaviour, regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis, memory, motivation and learning.Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that typically has a serine at the third residue and relies on modification with a fatty acid to give ghrelin its functional activity. In its modified form, ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the pituitary gland's growth hormone receptor (GHS-R) and stimulates growth hormone release. Rat/mouse ghrelin differs from the human form at positions 11 and 12 (RV) in rats to (KA) in humans.Ghrelin acts on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus as an orexigenic agent to stimulate appetite. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach as a precursor peptide preproghrelin, cleaved to ghrelin. Ghrelin circulates in the blood and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Levels of ghrelin respond to fasting conditions and allow signals about the energy status to be transmitted from the peripheral organs to the central nervous system to maintain energy homeostasis.Ghrelin is a valuable target for treating conditions such as anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, cardiopathy, neurodegenerative disorders, renal and pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory disorders and metabolic syndrome.</p>

<p>There are three members of the p160 family of steroid receptor coactivators, SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3. These steroid receptor coactivators control the functional output of numerous genetic programs and serve as pleiotropic rheostats for diverse physiological processes. Coactivator proteins interact with nuclear receptors in a ligand-dependent manner and augment transcription.This peptide contains a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification.</p>

<p>Mambalgin-1 is a natural product with an unknown pharmacophore. It has been shown to inhibit cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by suppressing the activation of suppressor genes, which are genes that regulate cell proliferation. Mambalgin-1 may also be effective against other diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Mambalgin-1 is synthesized from a solid-phase synthesis of a cyclic peptide that contains two acidic amino acids. This synthetic compound binds to the extracellular region of synaptic vesicles and inhibits the release of neurotransmitters. The mechanism of action is not yet known, but it is thought that this compound may inhibit calcium channels or potassium channels in the presynaptic membrane.</p>

<p>A hydroxyproline glycine peptide in acid form. This peptide is a substrate for prolyl dipeptidase. Ingestion of the Hyp-Gly dipeptide can improve skin conditions. Hyp-Gly ingestion improves facial skin moisture and elasticity and reduces facial aging. Additionally, Hyp-Gly enhances fibroblast proliferation.</p>

HsTX1 is a peptide toxin obtained from the venom of the scorpion Heterometrus spinnifer. It blocks potassium channels and inhibits the activity of Kv1.3 channels, which are responsible for neuronal repolarization and firing. This peptide is also a blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels, but has no effect on calcium channels. HsTX1 is used in medical research as a tool to study ion channel function.