Peptidi

<p>Histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3), which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Like the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing many lysine and arginine residues, they have a positive net charge which interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone-modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone tails can undergo multiple modifications, including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation.  The modification pattern is believed to alter chromatin function/structure.  Lysine 4 of histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 has been tri-methylated. This is a common cis-tail histone methylation pattern, read by histone effectors such as Spindlin1. H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 has been used to understand interactions with histone effectors in co-crystallisation.   H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 is labelled with the Aurora Fluor 647 fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 Spike (757-765)</p>

<p>Codesane (COD), is a cationic α-helical amphipathic-anti-microbial-peptide isolated from the venom of the wild bee Colletes daviesanus (Hymenoptera Colletidae). COD exhibits-anti-microbial-activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans but also noticeable haemolytic activity.COD peptide works by permeating both the outer and inner cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli.</p>

<p>Pseudin-2 (Ps) is one of the four pseudin peptides isolated from the skin of the paradoxical frog Pseudis-paradoxa. Pseudins are structurally related, cationic, amphipathic, a-helical anti-microbial peptides (AMP) that share sequence homology with an apoptosis regulating protein. Pseudin-2 is the most abundant and potent of the four pseudins.Pseudin-2 is active against Escherichia coli (with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 2.5 mM), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 80 mM), and Candida albicans (MIC: 130 mM). Pseudin-2 also has low haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes (the concentration of Pseudin-2 producing 50% haemolysis: &gt;300 mM).In addition to its anti-microbial properties, pseudin-2 has also been shown to stimulate insulin release and may be useful as a therapy for type 2 diabetes. This peptides has a non-amidated C-terminal end, as per the naturally occurring pseudin-2.</p>

<p>The cyclic pentapeptide cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Lys-) is a highly potent and selective inhibitor for the alphavβ3 integrin receptor. A related compound, cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Val), is a promising anti-cancer drug candidate- it inhibits angiogenesis and induces apoptosis in vascular cells.Cyclic RGD-containing peptides are selective antagonists of integrins, proteins that play important roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In a suitably labelled form, these peptides may serve as useful tools for diagnostic imaging and peptide targeted therapy of some types of cancer.</p>

<p>Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a critical role in blood pressure regulation. There is a rise in conditions linked to hypertension such as heart attacks, strokes, and dementia. This has led to search for novel inhibitors of ACE to regulate blood pressure. Food-derived bioactive peptides have been identified and utilised for their health-promoting abilities. The tripeptide FSY (Phe-Ser-Tyr) was identified from shrimp (Pandalus borealis) protein hydrolysate as a highly potent inhibitor of ACE activity. FSY is capable of being absorbed in the digestive tract to be transported in the blood to the receptors which is a useful feature for clinical application. Further study can provide deeper understanding of FSY potency on ACE function and may lead to drug development.</p>

<p>Pepstatin A was originally purified from Actinomycetes species. The peptide is unusual in containing the amino acid statine (4-amino-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid also known as AMHA). Pepstatin A competitively binds with acid proteases in a highly selective reversible manner to inhibit protease activity. Pepstatin A is ineffective on thiol, neutral and serine proteases. The functions of proteases have been investigated by the application of pepstatin A such as renin, pepsin, bovine chymosin and retroviral proteases from HIV. Characterisation of HIV protease using pepstatin A has been vital in development of HIV treatment to block viral replication. Pepstatin A is also a reagent to disrupt autophagy- this helps characterise the function of proteosome degradation in research such as during influenza A replication and improving drug delivery of therapeutic cancer treatments. Biotin is C-terminally linked to this peptide for convenient detection and purification. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker improves the water solubility of biotin labelled proteins.</p>

<p>(Arg)9 is a cationic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)consisting of 9 arginines. Arginine rich CPPs enter cells in a passive manner through membrane multilamellarity and fusion. Evidently as a CPP, (Arg)9 can function to deliver specific molecules to target cells and can be used for drug delivery purposes.</p>

<p>Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then &amp;γ--secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>Numerous studies have found BMAP-28 to have AMP activity against various bacteria, fungi, and some parasites such as Leishmania. Of note, studies show it inhibits multi-drug resistant (pan-resistant) species of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including Acinetobacter baumanniim, Pasteurella multocida, and MRSA. With the rise in antibiotic-resistant species, BMAP-28 is a useful discovery for creating new more potent analogues.In mammalian studies BMAP-28 induces cancer cell death and prevents growth, via inducing mitochondrial pore opening and depolarisation leading to cell apoptosis making it a target for future cancer treatment.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (551-565) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Herceptide</p>

<p>Substrate for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease (SARS-CoV Mpro). The substrate sequence is derived from residues P4-P5' of the SARS-CoV Mpro N-terminal autoprocessing site and was identified by a docking study. This substrate binds to and acts as a competitive inhibitor of SARS-CoV Mpro, (3CLpro).Experiments show that the octapeptide AVLQSGFR is bound to SARS-CoV Mpro through six hydrogen bonds. It is an effective inhibitor of SARS coronavirus with an EC50 of 2.7 x 10-2 mg/L and is able to block replication of the virus. The octapeptide also shows no detectable toxicity in the host cells.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (226-240) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Glucagon like-peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a gut hormone produced in the enteroendocrine L cells of gastrointestinal tract by the cleavage of the 160-amino-acid proglucagon molecule. GLP-2 is secreted following the ingestion of food and carries out its activities via the GLP-2 G-protein coupled receptors (GLP-2Rs). GLP-2 has a range of roles within the cell, including: anti-inflammatory effects promoting the expansion of the intestinal mucosa, stimulating intestinal blood flow, inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying, increasing intestinal barrier function and enhancing nutrient and fluid absorption.</p>

<p>Pep-1 is a synthetic cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), and has been successfully used to deliver a variety of proteins and other biopharmaceutical macromolecules into cells in a non-disruptive manner. It is a CPP with primary amphipathicity, which results from its amino acid sequence as opposed to its folding structure. The primary structure of Pep-1: Chariot comprises three main domains: a tryptophan-rich, hydrophobic domain, and a hydrophilic domain derived from an NLS (nuclear localisation signal) of SV40 (simian virus 40) large T-antigen, and a spacer.</p>

[Pyr1]-Apelin-13 acts as a ligand for the apelin receptor (APJ) G protein-coupled receptor and is a substrate for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Apelin is a member of the adipokine hormone family from adipose tissue. Adipokines are involved in processes such as vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis.Apelin and the apelin receptor are widely distributed throughout the body. Apelin is associated with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Apelin is expressed in the spinal cord and the human brain. Immunohistochemistry shows that apelin-17 is significantly expressed in the human heart, brain, lungs and endothelial cells. Studies show myocardial infarction apelin mRNA expression is greater during human heart failure than in healthy tissue. Apelin protects against heart failure due to the pyroglutamic form of apelin, [Pyr1]-Apelin-13, which decreases infarct size of myocardial infarctions. Furthermore, rats with hypertension have reduced levels of apelin and APJ. [Pyr1]-Apelin-13 exhibits higher APJ agonist potency than Apelin-13. We also have the alternative available.

<p>Fibrinogen (377-395) Human is derived from Fibrinogen, which is a large plasma glycoprotein with a complex structure, and one of the most abundant proteins in blood. Fibrinogen is important in fibrin clot formation, haemostasis, and inflammatory responses. Increased plasma fibrinogen indicates a proinflammatory state and is a risk factor for vascular inflammatory diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Fibrinogen cleavage products act as inflammatory activators in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma.Fibrinogen (377-395) Human is capable of preventing microglia activation by inhibiting the Mac-1 receptor, which in turn suppresses relapsing paralysis.</p>

<p>TP10 is an amphipathic cell-penetrating peptide (CPPs) also known as transportan 10. Its formation involves the use of a lysine residue to form a chimeric linkage between a mastoparan 21-residue peptide, a wasp venon 14-residue peptide and 6-residues derived from the neuropeptide galanin. Structurally TP10 contains only positively charged amino acids along with 4 lysines and an N-terminus. Therefore it will produce a +5 charge under conditions of a neutral pH. It has been found that TP10 may aid molecules in penetrating through the cell membrane barrier through directly interacting with the lipid bilayer. During these interactions with the membrane TP10 will form an amphipathic alpha-helix. TP10 can be used in transduction methods.</p>

<p>Peptide substrate of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family known as ErbBs or HER receptors. These receptors are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and migration. When these receptors are dysregulated many diseases, including cancer, can arise.Binding to the ligand binding domain of the EGFR causes receptor dimerization. This is sequentially followed by the tyrosine kinase domain being activated and the tyrosine residues on the C-terminal tail of the receptor becoming phosphorylated, activating downstream signalling pathways.This peptide contains an N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) moiety, a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Mammalian bombesin-like neuropeptide first isolated from pig spinal cord, which can stimulate rat uterine smooth muscle contraction and gastrin and somatostatin secretion in vitro. Increases blood pressure and pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs.</p>

<p>The Influenza Virus Nucleoprotein (311 - 325) is a component of the viral ribonucleotide complex, derived from the influenza virus and it is involved in viral replication, RNA packing and nuclear trafficking. As a monomer it contains basic residues which allow it to bind to single stranded RNA and through its flexible tail loop it has the ability to form NP oligomers.Furthermore NP is able to support the viral polymerase structurally, through associating with the two subunits PB1 and PB2, and it allows the viral ribonucleotide complex to be transported in and out of the nucleus due to its nuclear localisation and nuclear export signals.During influenza viral replication messenger RNA, viral genome RNA and complementary positive-sense RNA are produced and NP is crucial for this replication.Inhibitors of NP have potential to be used to prevent the influenza virus in humans.</p>

<p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are proving a lucrative area for antibiotics in the era of bacterial resistance. Of note, the scorpion Heterometrus petersii was found to produce Hp1404, an amphipathic cationic peptide with specific activity against Gram-positive bacteria- Hp1404 was shown to be effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The mode of action is by membrane penetration and disruption. MRSA did not gain resistance after several exposures to Hp1404 suggesting it may be a key agent against the rise of antibiotic resistance. Importantly, bacterial lethality was maintained with low toxicity to mammalian cells. Hp1404 is being used to generate analogues with reduced toxicity to mammalian cells and improved antimicrobial potency against a wider range of organisms.</p>

<p>HPV16 E6 pep11**m.</p>

<p>PDGF-Ra agonist with in vitro and in vivo antimelanoma growth activity.</p>

<p>[β-Ala]-[Lys(AMCA)]-acid.</p>

<p>Histone 4 (H4) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) which are fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Due to the high lysine and arginine content, histones have a net positive charge and therefore electrostatically interact with negatively charged DNA. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Like other core histones, H4 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, the histone tail, which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.Gene transcriptional activation or inactivation is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA within to be either accessible to the transcription machinery or inaccessible. H4's lysine rich tail plays a role in the higher order chromatin folding.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (10-29)-Biotin is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Another modification process histones can undergo is biotinylation where the covalent attachment of a biotin molecule is catalysed by the enzyme Biotinidase. This cleaves biocytin to generate a biotinyl-thiester intermediate. The biotinyl can then be transferred onto the histone lysine ɛ-amino group which is covalently attached to Histone 3. Overall the biotinylation sites identified in histone 3 are: K4, K9 and K18. The presence of biotinylated histones have been detected in human cells such as lymphocytes and lymphomas.</p>

<p>Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) can transport molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and imaging agents into cells of interest. Pas PR9, nona-arginine, is an arginine rich CPP. It is composed of the nona-arginine: R9 and Pas which is a peptide penetrating accelerating sequence (PAS) and it functions to export molecules out of endocytic vesicles. During a study in which PR9 was in complex with a Quantum dot probe (QD) it was evident that the PR9/QD complex was transported into the cell through endocytosis and co-localises with actins, lysosomes, early endosomes and the nucleus. Due to the non-toxicity of the PR9/QD complex it can be used as a safe vector for biomedical purposes.PR9 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne- PR9 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-21) K4ac is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (1-21) lysine 4 has been acetylated.</p>

<p>Tat (47-59) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically, TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain of the TAT peptide. TAT has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively.Tat (47-59) is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-Tat (47-59) allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>Fibrinogen b43-63 Human is derived from Fibrinogen, which is a large plasma glycoprotein with a complex structure, and one of the most abundant proteins in blood. Fibrinogen is important in fibrin clot formation, haemostasis, and inflammatory responses. Increased plasma fibrinogen indicates a proinflammatory state and is a risk factor for vascular inflammatory diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Fibrinogen cleavage products act as inflammatory activators in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma.The conversion of monomeric fibrinogen into polymeric fibrin is mediated by thrombin, which binds to fibrinogen and catalyses cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FpA) and fibrinopeptide B (FpB). Fibrinopeptide B is protected from modifications such as carbamylation by pyroglutamination of the N-terminal amino acid.</p>

<p>Jelleines are a family of very small (8-9 amino acid residues long) host defence peptides (HDPs) isolated from the royal jelly of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Jelleines do not present any similarity with other HDPs from other honeybees and are produced by the workers and secreted into Royal Jelly and provide abroad-spectrum protection of the bee hive against microbial infections. The Jelleines are not considered cytolytic or directly involved with inflammatory effects.Possess antimicrobial properties against yeast, fungi, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.PLEASE NOTE that in several published articles the sequence of Jelleine-3 has been printed as EPFKISLHL-NH2, due to a mistake in the original reference: Fontana et al., (2004). The correct sequence, is EPFKISIHL-NH2.</p>

<p>Leuprolide acetate is a synthetic peptide analogue of naturally occurring gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH also known as luteinising hormone-releasing hormone, LHRH). Leuprolide Acetate has a longer half-life and a higher affinity to the pituitary GnRH-receptor than physiological GnRH due to the presence of a D-amino acid. Leuprolide acts as a super-agonist of the pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and disrupts the maintenance of the normal hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and desensitizes the GnRH receptor. This results in lower levels of testosterone in the blood. Leuprolide is used to treat prostate cancer, endometriosis, fibroids and precocious puberty. Peptide is for research purposes only, strictly not for human use.</p>

<p>Amino acids 1-6 of amyloid β peptide (Aβ). This fragment represents an immunogenic portion of Aβ which has been used as the basis for potential immunotherapies for Alzheimer's disease. Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Contains a GGC linker, the thiol on the Cysteine can be used for conjugation to dyes and other molecules.</p>

<p>GIP (1-30) Human amide is derived from the Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While GIP is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role is to stimulate insulin secretion - in a glucose-dependent mechanism. Therefore, GIP is referred to as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid pro-protein encoded by the GIP gene. It is synthesised by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract. GIP receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins found on β-cells in the pancreas. These β-cells are those that are able to simultaneously detect glucose and release insulin as a result to GIP binding.The clinical relevance of GIP is related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)- studies have found that T2DM diabetics are unresponsive to GIP and have lower levels of GIP secretion after a meal when compared to non-diabetics. In research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity.</p>

<p>GG-[AMC]</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (266-280) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Pantinin-1 is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) identified from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator. Pantinin-1 possess strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungus, and weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria, with very low haemolytic activities against human red blood cells.</p>

<p>Apoptosis can be triggered by permeabilization of the mitochondrial membrane leading to leakage of cytochrome c. Work shows this mitochondrial pathway to apoptosis involves pro-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family including Bak that directly permeabilise the mitochondrial membrane leading to leakage and catastrophic cell damage. The activities of apoptotic proteins are held in check by antiapoptotic paralogs, including Bcl-2. The interactions between these proteins are modulated by BH3-only proteins. BH3 proteins have 9 -15 amino acid BH3 domain and act as direct activators or sensitizers of pro-apoptotic proteins including Bak. PUMA has been identified as a BH3 protein, but its role is less clear. PUMA BH3 peptide provided here is the full 15 residue domain shown to act as a direct activator of Bak activity leading to caspase activity and apoptosis. A direct interaction with Bak has been demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Critical data of PUMA and Bak regulation has not been well established. Further work with this peptide may help to clarify the function and role of the PUMA BH3 domain as a direct Bak activator.</p>

<p>The native form of GLP-1 in humans is the GLP-1 (7-36) amide. GLP-1 (7-36) amide is highly unstable (half-life &lt;-2 minutes) due to proteolytic degradation by the serine protease, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). DPP-IV cleaves the N-terminal histidine and alanine residues from GLP-1 to generate two equipotent forms: GLP-1 (9-37) and GLP-1 (9-36) amide. This degradation mitigates against the therapeutic use of GLP-1 itself, therefore DPP-IV-resistant peptide analogues have been developed and licensed for clinical use.Contains a sulfo-Cyanine5 fluorescent dye, an analogy of Cy5® and one of the most popular fluorophores. Sulfo-Cyanine5  is a red emitting fluorescent dye which is highly hydrophilic and water-soluble. Compatible with various equipment such as plate readers, microscopes, and imagers.</p>

<p>Leptin is a member of the adipocytokines or adipokines group of cytokines primarily produced in adipose tissue. Leptin is a hormone involved in multiple endocrine functions, bone metabolism and thermoregulation, and a cytokine promoting inflammatory responses. There are elevated levels of leptin found in people with obesity. This contributes to the state of low-grade inflammation that makes those individuals more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, degenerative disease and autoimmune disease. Reduced levels of leptin, found in malnourished individuals, have been linked to an increased risk of infection and reduced cell-mediated immunity.Leptin binds to leptin receptors (ObRs), of which there are at least six isoforms (ObRa, ObRb, ObRc, ObRd, ObRe, and ObRf). Leptin-related analogs such as (93-105) fragment can mimic the interaction and activation of the ObR to improve their anti-obesity effects. Peptide vectors with a linker to a leptin fragment were patented as new leptin agonists with an improved permeability through the blood-brain barrier. Administration of leptin or leptin (93-105) to rats was shown to raise the blood levels of aldosterone and corticosterone. The use of the (93-105) fragment has allowed a better understanding of full-length leptin and its function in its various roles.</p>

<p>Indolicidin is a natural cationic cathelicidin family anti-microbial peptide (AMP) with a very wide killing spectrum which includes: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa and HIV.  It is also an immune system modulator and an inhibitor of aminoglycoside antibiotic-resistance enzymes.Indolicidin contains 5 tryptophan residues (39% of peptide content)- the highest tryptophan proportion ever seen in a peptide or protein.When indolicidin interacts with biological membranes it assumes a wedge- shaped conformation, with the hydrophobic tryptophan residues in the trough of the wedge, and positively charged regions flanking them at each end. If fully extended, indolicidin is able to span both lipid bilayers despite only consisting of 13 amino acid residues. This is possible because indolicidin adopts an approximate poly-l-proline type II helix conformation, which is characterized by very high helical pitches.The exact mode of action of indolicidin is still unknown. At bactericidal concentrations the peptide appears to translocate through the membrane into the cytosol where it may bind to nucleic acids, whereas at higher concentrations it is membranolytic.</p>

<p>Peptide identified through phage display that binds to colorectal cancer cell line RKO cells, as well as other cancer cells including Caco-2, HCT 116 and HCT-15, but not to normal cells, possibly through targeting the monocarboxylate transporter 1, which has been implicated in colorectal cancer progression and prognosis.</p>

<p>Translation elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu), is a highly conserved protein in bacteria which is essential for the synthesis of new proteins through translation in the ribosome. EF-Tu is also a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) protein. PAMPs are elicitors of plant defences and are recognised by pattern recognition receptors in the plant. In Arabidopsis thaliana EF-Tu is recognised by EF-Tu Receptor (EFR), a leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase XII family member.Elf18 represents the N-terminal of EF-Tu, the region specifically recognised by Arabidopsis. This N-acetylated peptide is a strong inducer of plant defence responses and results in the biosynthesis of ethylene in leaves which triggers resistance to subsequent infection by pathogenic bacteria.</p>

<p>PTH 1-34, is a biologically active peptide fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PHT 1-34 has been shown to enhance bone fracture healing by promoting osteogenesis. PTH 1-34 also has chondrogenic properties.PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development.It contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>This peptide contains an N-terminal a 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA), a widely used fluorescent dye which excites at 546 nm and emits at 579 nm and a black hole quencher 2 (BHQ-2) group.The fluorescence from 5-TAMRA is efficiently quenched by resonance energy transfer to the BHQ-2 group when the peptide is intact, however upon cleavage of the peptide by Mpro, 5-TAMRA and BHQ-2 are separated, allowing fluorescence to be detected. This therefore represents a useful tool for investigating Mpro activity.</p>

<p>Galanin is a neuropeptide synthesised and released by the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC). Galanin is expressed in most LC neurons in rodents and humans. Galanin has been shown to inhibit LC activity by hyperpolarising LC neurons, suppressing their spontaneous firing rate, and enhancing alpha2-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative feedback. Galanin is also a potent trophic and neuroprotective factor throughout the nervous system.Galanin is widely distributed from the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors  which are inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Some N-terminal fragments naturally occur in vivo but their relevance is unclear. The physiological relevance of the galanin fragment (2-12) and its affinity to the various GalR receptors has yet to be made clear. Binding assays and displacement assays in rat brain tissue have been performed with similar N-terminal galanin fragments to try and elucidate their function. . The use of N-terminal fragments such as galanin (2-12) can help clarify the function of full-length galanin. This may highlight new agonists/antagonists for the galanin GalR receptors that can be putative therapeutic targets for treatments of conditions such as cardiovascular disease.NMR has used this galanin fragment (2-12) to help characterise the structure of galanin. It shows the critical residues Tyr(9), Leu(10), and Leu(11) for interaction with the galR receptors. They cluster together as collapsed hydrophobic residues irrelevant to forming higher-order structures.</p>

<p>C- terminal fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) also known as corticotropin, and competitive antagonist of ACTH receptor (ACTHR), also known as melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R).ACTH is a member of the melanocortins-peptide family, this tropic hormone is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with ACTHR. Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase. Abnormal ACTH levels in the body have been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency.</p>

<p>Nef is an accessory protein highly conserved amongst all primate lentiviruses, it is essential for viral replication in vivo- it is expressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV-1 and HIV-2. Nef acts as a downregulator of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) expression in HIV-infected cells to help circumvent the immune response, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. An intact nef gene is critical for high viral loads, linked to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Certain alleles of HLA have been associated with maintaining a seronegative status such as HLA-A*1101. This nef peptide sequence (75-82) was crystallised within the class I B allele HLA B*3501 suggesting an importance of key residues required for HLA interaction resulting in a nonstandard conformational binding.</p>