Oligosacáridos

2-Hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin is a water-soluble drug that is chemically stable in aqueous media. It has been shown to be safe for use in the eye, with no significant side effects. 2-Hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and will not cause hemolytic activity. 2-Hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin binds to retinoic acid receptors, which are found on cells of the corneal surface and in human spermatozoa. The binding of retinoic acid inhibits the production of enzymes that break down retinoids and prevents cell proliferation. This agent also interacts with other cellular components such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and hormones.

Neutral octasasaccharide naturally present in human breast milk

GD1b ganglioside (shown as ammonium salt) is one of the major gangliosides in neuronal and glial membranes. It has a core tetrasaccharide structure (Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,4Galβ1,4Glc) with its two sialic acids linked α2,3/α2,8 to the inner galactose residue, and ceramide linked β to position 1 on the reducing terminal glucose residue (Ledeen, 2009). GD1b ganglioside acts as a receptor for BK virus, as well as for heat-labile LTII-a toxin, produced by enteropathogenic E. coli. GD1b ganglioside also interacts with tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and is crucial for its entry into cells (Kolter, 2012). The functional significance of ammonia in the brain is not yet fully understood: see (Modi 1994).

Tri-guluronic acid sodium salt (1,4-linked α-L-sodium guluronotriose) is one of a number of oligosaccharides obtained from alginate which is a polysaccharide in brown seaweeds containing: blocks of repeating mannuronic acid sequences (M-M-M-M etc), repeating guluronic acid sequences (G-G-G-G etc), and alternating M-G-M-G sequences. This oligosaccharide can be released by acid hydrolysis (Shimokawa, 1996) and a number of biological activities have been discussed in a recent review (Xing, 2020).