Fenoles

Chebulagic acid, isolated from the fruits of Terminalia, it shows potent COX–LOX dual inhibition activity with IC50 values of 15 ± 0.288, 0.92 ± 0.011 and 2.1 ± 0.057 μM for COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX respectively, it also shows anti-proliferative activity against HCT-15, COLO-205, MDA-MB-231, DU-145 and K562 cell lines, it induces apoptosis in COLO-205 cell line.

Vanillic acid is a potent free radical scavenger, thus, it exerts protective effects in isoproterenol induced cardiotoxic rats due to its free radical scavenging, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Ellagic acid, a naturally occurring plant phenol, inhibits the activity of the direct-acting mutagen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MeNU) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, is due to specific inhibition of methylation at the O6 position of guanine through an ellagic acid-duplex DNA affinity-binding mechanism.

Echinacoside is a natural polyphenolic compound, has various kinds of pharmacological activities, such as anti-senescence, anti-hypoxia, anti-cancer, anti-osteoporosis, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, nitric oxide radical-scavenging and vasodilative ones. Echinacoside can improve the hematopoietic function of bone marrow in 5-FU-induced myelosuppression mice, it induces apoptotic cancer cell death by inhibiting the nucleotide pool sanitizing enzyme MTH1. Echinacoside inhibits cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation caused by ensuing rotenone exposure via activating Trk-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in neuronal cells.

2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol has antioxidant properties; it is a potent specific inhibitor of lipoxygenase activities, it inhibits platelet 12-LO activity (IC50, 4.2 microM) and PMNL 5-LO activity (IC50, 13 microM) but not cyclooxygenase activity in cell-free conditions; it also inhibits 12-LO activity in intact platelets (IC50, 50 microM) and reduces leukotriene B4 production in intact PMNL stimulated by A23187 (IC50, 26 microM).

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxyldiphenylethylene-2-O-glucoside(TSG) blocks the proliferation of PASMCs induced by PDGF-BB through arresting the cell cycle in G0 / G1 phase, indicates that TSG suppress PDGF-BB-induced PASMCs proliferation is associated with an inhibition of AKT / GSK3β signaling pathways.

Hypocrellin C is a natural product isolated from fungi exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans.

10-Gingerol, fresh ginger extract, inhibits the production of nitric oxide, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as their mRNA levels in LPS-activated BV2 microglia,exhibits a significant anti-neuroinflammatory capacity.

<p>D-ALPHA-TOCOTRIENOL, an isoform of vitamin E, is found in vegetables, fruits, seeds, grains, oils and nuts.</p>

3-Methoxytyramine HCl, a dopamine metabolite, activates TAAR1 and is found in the brain, tissues, blood, CSF, and urine; mainly in cytoplasm.

Ochromycinone (STA 21) is a selective STAT3 inhibitor.

Xanthorrhizol is a natural product isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Xanthorrhizol is a potential antibacterial agent.

Norbergenin is a chemical compound. It is the O-demethylated derivative of bergenin. It can be isolated from rhizomes of Bergenia stracheyi.

N,N,O-Tridesmethylvenlafaxine (Tridesmethylvenlafaxine) is a huamn endogenous metabolite.

Dalimycin (Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride), from Streptomyces rimosus, blocks tRNA binding, hindering protein synthesis.

p-Hydroxymandelic acid (4-Hydroxymandelic acid) is an acidic metabolite of p-octopamine and p-synephrine (p-phenylephrine).

<p>Canolol (Phenol, 4-ethenyl-2,6-dimethoxy-) is an antioxidant phenolic compound that has potential use as a COX-2 inhibitor.</p>

<p>1-Hydroxypyrene (1-Pyrenol), a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is analyzed in urine samples.</p>

Normetanephrine hydrochloride (DL-Normetanephrine hydrochloride) is a metabolite of Epinephrine.

3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid, found in all life forms, aids enzyme reactions and is a norepinephrine metabolite.

"Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate is an esterified derivative of p-coumaric acid isolated from the flowers of Trixis michuacana var.

3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid: rutin metabolite, antioxidant, protective in humans, tied to phenylketonuria, metabolized by EC 1.14.13.3.

3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Qingxintong) is an active constituent of Chinese medicine.

4-Methylcatechol, a homoprotocatechuic acid metabolite, induces BDNF and inhibits Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase. Lack of BDNF may lead to neuropathic pain.

Ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB): a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor attenuates acute hypobaric hypoxia mediated vascular leakage in brain.

4-Ethylphenol is the volatile phenol associated with the aroma in wine.

Orsellinic acid is a phenolic acid extracted from lichens.