Glycoscience

<p>Threo-2-Pentulose is a monosaccharide that is found in plants. It is the D-isomer of xylulose, which has been shown to be an inhibitor of enzymes that catalyze reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway. Threo-2-Pentulose inhibits the activity of enzymes that catalyze reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway, which are enzymes that produce energy. This inhibition may lead to an accumulation of pentoses and a decrease in phosphorylation, leading to an increase in intracellular concentrations of ATP and NADH. Threo-2-Pentulose has been shown to be effective for treating infectious diseases such as malaria, influenza, and dengue fever. It has also been used as a chinese herb with anti-inflammatory properties for centuries.</p>

<p>This product is a custom synthesis. It is a fluorinated, modified monosaccharide that has been synthesized by click chemistry and contains an O-glycosyl group. This product can be used in the synthesis of glycosylated polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, or as a building block for modification of complex carbohydrates to produce new compounds with novel properties, such as fluorescence.</p>

<p>Maltopyranosyl-CTP is a high purity, custom synthesis, sugar modified with Click chemistry. The modification includes fluorination, glycosylation and methylation. Maltopyranosyl-CTP is synthesized by the reaction of maltoheptaose with 3-chloro-2-fluoroaniline. Maltopyranosyl-CTP has CAS No.: 6791-87-0 and molecular weight: 592.28. Maltopyranosyl-CTP is an oligosaccharide that consists of six monosaccharides linked together in a linear chain by alpha (1→4) glycosidic bonds. Maltopyranosyl-CTP has the following chemical formula: C6H14O6F3Cl2N3O6S2. Maltopyranosyl-CTP is a complex carbohydrate that can be found in plants and yeast.</p>

<p>Ethyl β-D-glucopyranoside is a fatty acid with the chemical formula CH 3 (CHOH) 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH. It is a reaction product of inulin and levulinate. Ethyl β-D-glucopyranoside can be used as a control agent for urine samples to test for microbial infection. It also has an inhibitory effect on the growth of microbes, such as bacteria and fungi, which may be due to its ability to disrupt the cell membrane. Ethyl β-D-glucopyranoside is also known to have detergent properties that can be used in soaps and detergents.</p>

<p>Methyl 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-a-D-glucopyranoside is a synthetic carbohydrate. The chemical name is methyl 2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4,6--O-(4--methoxybenzylidene) -a -D--glucopyranoside. It is a white or off white powder that is soluble in water and methanol. This product can be used as a monosaccharide for glycosylation or polysaccharide for saccharide modification.</p>

<p>3-O-Benzyl-1,2-O-isoproylidene-4-C-(phenylmethoxy)methyl-b-L-lyxofuranose is a monosaccharide that belongs to the group of carbohydrates. It is used as a raw material in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates by click chemistry, glycosylation and methylation. 3-O-Benzyl--1,2--O--isoproylidene--4--C-(phenylmethoxy)methyl--b--L--lyxofuranose has been modified for use in fluoroformations and glycosylations. This compound can also be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of other saccharides.</p>

<p>Haloperidol b-D-glucuronide is the glucuronide conjugate of haloperidol. It is a major metabolite of haloperidol, which can be detected in urine samples and plasma concentration–time curves. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenic patients and is used as a marker for schizophrenia. Haloperidol b-D-glucuronide has been found to inhibit the reduction of carbonyl groups by human liver microsomes, but not rat liver microsomes. This inhibition may be due to its capacity to bind with human liver enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 reductase and glutathione reductase. Haloperidol b-D-glucuronide also inhibits the uptake of antipsychotic medications into human liver cells, but not rat liver cells.</p>

<p>2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is the most abundant human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) with multiple functions including: acting as a prebiotic, protecting against infections and inflammation, modulating the immune system, supporting brain development, and reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. The commercial availability of synthetic fucosyllactose is important because HMOs were previously only found at significant levels in human milk, however they are now available in several infant formulas. It has been given Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status and the European Union has approved the use of 2'-Fucosyllactose in infant formula products (Reverri, 2018).</p>

<p>4-Aminophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a substrate for beta-galactosidase. 4-aminophenol is released upon cleavage by beta-galactosidase. 4-aminophenol can be assayed by electro-oxidation to 4-imino quinone while recording changes in potential or current of a galvanic system.  4-Aminophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside can be used in affinity chromatography for the isolation of galactose-binding lectins.</p>

<p>D-Glucono-1,4-lactone is a sugar that is produced by the action of glucoamylase on starch or cellulose. It can be used as a source of food for yeast, in the production of polyesters and plastics, and as a precursor to vitamin C. The pH optimum for D-glucono-1,4-lactone production is between 3.5 and 4.5. X-ray crystal structures have shown that the enzyme binds to crystalline cellulose via hydrogen bonding interactions, which are formed by hydroxyl groups on the enzyme and carboxyl groups on crystalline cellulose. These interactions are important for the cleavage of glucose from crystalline cellulose by D-glucono-1,4-lactone. D-glucono-1,4-lactone has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in rats with metabolic disorders when administered orally at doses</p>

<p>Starting material for chiral-pool based synthesis of modified nucleosides</p>

<p>3,5-O-Benzylidene-D-lyxono-1,4-lactone is a crystalline compound with a molecular formula of C6H8O3. It has the molecular weight of 154.11 g/mol and melting point of 104°C. 3,5-O-Benzylidene-D-lyxono-1,4-lactone has been shown to be an inhibitor for the enzyme xanthine oxidase. This compound may be useful in treating conditions such as hyperuricemia or gout.</p>

<p>This is a fluorinated monosaccharide, synthesized by the click modification of an oligosaccharide with an a-D-mannopyranose. The complex carbohydrate has been modified with methyl and benzyl groups, which can be removed using tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride to yield 1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-benzyl-6-O--tert-butyldimethylsilyl a-D-mannopyranose.</p>

<p>1-Deoxy-D-ribose is a sugar that is synthesized from the sugar ribose. It can be produced by reductive cleavage of the sugar sulfate adenosine, which gives rise to 1-deoxy-D-ribose and sulfite. This compound also has an important role in DNA synthesis. The natural source of this compound is D-ribose, which can be found in many sources such as yeast extract, pectin, and honey. 1-Deoxy-D-ribose is a nucleoside that has the cyclic form of ribose. This compound was first isolated in 1957 and was originally synthesized in 1891 by Emil Fischer. 1-Deoxy-D-ribose binds to adenosine with a connective bond and forms a cyclic molecule called pyrrolo[2,3]pyrimidine.</p>

<p>Methylphenyl 2-O-benzyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside (MPBGT) is a modification of the natural disaccharide, galactose. It is synthesized by the glycosylation and methylation of galactose with methyl phenyl b-D-thioglucopyranoside. MPBGT is typically used as a building block for oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. The MPBGT can be modified by fluorination or saccharide substitution to produce diverse products.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(a-L-fucopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranose is a methylated, custom synthesized oligosaccharide. It has been modified to include a fluorine atom at the C4 position on the glucose residue. The product is highly pure and in crystalline form, with a CAS number of 76211-71-7.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranosyl chloride - Stabilised with 2.5% CaCO3 is a crystalline compound that is synthesized from acetobromosugars and has the ability to inhibit virus activity. The compound binds to the reactive sulfhydryl groups on the surface of the virus, inhibiting its infectivity. This compound can be used in biomedical research for the treatment of hepatitis.</p>

b-D-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-thioglucopyranoside is an oligosaccharide that belongs to the carbohydrate class. It is a fluorinated monosaccharide with a high purity and custom synthesis. This compound is methylated and glycosylated, making it a complex carbohydrate with click modification.

<p>Glucose spacer fluorescein is a sugar that is used in glycosylation reactions. It has a molecular weight of 368.2 g/mol, CAS No. 605-85-8, and the chemical formula C6H10O5. Glucose spacer fluorescein is synthesized by reacting glucose with an activator such as sodium borohydride or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd). The synthesis of glucose spacer fluorescein can be modified to include methylation, glycosylation, or other modifications.<br>Glucose spacer fluorescein is composed of two monosaccharides and one saccharide residue. This sugar consists of a glucose molecule linked to a fluorinated 1-deoxy-D-ribofuranose via an ether bond at position 3' and a glucosamine residue attached to the 5</p>

<p>Vinyl a-D-lactose is a custom synthesis, fluorinated, modified monosaccharide that can be used to modify proteins and polysaccharides. It has been shown to react with proteins through the click chemistry reaction and methylation. Vinyl a-D-lactose can be used for glycosylation of saccharides and complex carbohydrates in order to synthesize oligosaccharides.</p>

<p>1-Fmoc-amino-2,4-O-D-butane-2,3,4-triol is a custom synthesis of an oligosaccharide that is a sugar or carbohydrate. It is modified with fluorination, methylation and click chemistry. 1-Fmoc-amino-2,4-O-D-butane-2,3,4-triol has been shown to have antiangiogenic activity. This compound also has saccharide and glycosylation activity. 1Fmoc amino 2,4 O D butane 2 3 4 triol is a polysaccharide that is glycosylated with sugar and complex carbohydrates.</p>

<p>2-C-Azidomethyl-5-O-benzyl-1-O-tert.butyldimethylsilyl-D-lyxitol is a synthetic sugar that has been modified with fluorination and methylation. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and can be used as a custom synthesis to produce high purity oligosaccharides. This product is synthesized by glycosylation, click modification, and methylation.</p>

<p>an important cell surface epitope that acts as the receptor for Shiga-like toxin</p>

<p>Xylose (Xyl) is an aldopentose also known as wood sugar (Collins, 2006). The main sources of xylose are hemicelluloses found in hardwood and perennial plants, such as, grasses, cereals, and herbs (Petzold-Welcke, 2014) and some algae. Xylose is used in the production of xylitol, a low calory sugar substitute. Xylose is used in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis, which is initiated by peptide O-xylosyltransferases, which transfer xylose onto selected serine residues in the core proteins. The first enzyme in the pathway, peptide O-xylosyltransferase, catalyzes the transfer of xylose from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-α-D-xylose onto serine and thus determines the site(s) of GAG attachment on the core protein (Briggs, 2018).</p>

<p>N-(Succinyl)-O-b-D-glucopyranosylhydroxylamine is a glycosylation agent that is used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, such as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It is synthesized by reacting enzymatically with glycogen or a glycogen derivative, such as amyloglucosidase, to release glucose from the glycogen molecule. The resulting product can be methylated or fluorinated to generate different derivatives. This product can be custom synthesized to meet the needs of your application.</p>

<p>Galactofuranose pentasaccharide PEG6-NH-sp-biotin is a PEG compound with two different functional groups (also known as heterobifunctional). Unlike homobifunctional PEG compounds (same functional group on both ends), this type of compounds are more versatile as have two different anchor points. Galactofuranose pentasaccharide PEG6-NH-sp-biotin is used as a linker and spacer to add a PEG moiety, via pegylation (a bioconjugation technique) to proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, small molecules and nanoparticles.</p>

<p>Mono(6-(1,6-hexamethylenediamine)-6-deoxy)-beta-cyclodextrin is a complex compound that is used as a research chemical, speciality chemical and versatile building block in the synthesis of other chemicals. Mono(6-(1,6-hexamethylenediamine)-6-deoxy)-beta-cyclodextrin can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of complex compounds. It has been shown to be a useful scaffold for the construction of new molecules. Mono(6-(1,6-hexamethylenediamine)-6-deoxy)-beta-cyclodextrin is commercially available from suppliers at high quality and low price.</p>

<p>Glucotetraose (C) is a custom-synthesized carbohydrate that is modified with fluorine, methylation, and click modification. It is a monosaccharide with an Oligosaccharide chain of saccharides. This product has a purity of 99.5%.</p>

<p>Core human milk oligosaccharide</p>

<p>Linear B-2 trisaccharide is a human serum glycoprotein that belongs to the group of glycoconjugates. It has been shown to have clinical relevance in the detection of cancer and infectious diseases, as well as for use in the treatment of cancer. Linear B-2 trisaccharide can be used in combination with monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This molecule is also an inhibitor of both influenza virus hemagglutinin and HIV gp120, which may be due to its ability to react with specific carbohydrate structures on these proteins. Linear B-2 trisaccharide is biocompatible and can be used in the development of biodegradable polymers. The linearity of this molecule makes it more stable than other related molecules, such as glycopeptides.</p>

Pectin is a highly complex polysaccharide matrix that is found in the primary walls of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plants and gymnosperms, including soy plants. A key fragment of this complex is rhamnogalacturonan I, containing a backbone of the repeating disaccharide  [-4)-α-D-GalpA-(1,2)-α-L-Rhap-(1,]. Several applications for RG1 have been described including drug targeting to the colon via the oral administration route for local treatment of e.g. inflammatory bowel disease and colonic cancer. This has several advantages such as needle-free administration and low infection risk and in the gastro-intestinal tract RG-I is only degraded by the action of the colonic microflora.  High purity rhamnogalacturonan I is also used in research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.

<p>Lewis A is a trisaccharide that has been found to be present in the glycan structures of spermatozoa. It has also been identified as a major component of the glycan structures on the surface of HL-60 cells. Lewis A is composed of three monosaccharides, galactose, fucose, and N-acetylgalactosamine, which are linked together with a beta (1→4) linkage. The hydroxyl group on the galactose molecule allows for steric interactions with neighboring sugar molecules through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. The Lewis A trisaccharide is an important marker for identifying blood type O because it does not have any antigenic determinants that can cause an immune response.</p>

<p>4-O-(a-D-Galactopyranosyl)-b-D-fucopyranosyl propylamine is a methylated, custom synthesized monosaccharide with an Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide. It is a Carbohydrate with Fluorination and complex carbohydrate. The chemical modification of this molecule includes Click modification and Monosaccharide. This molecule is synthesized using the methylation, Custom synthesis, Click modification, CAS No., Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide, saccharide, Carbohydrate, Fluorination, complex carbohydrate, High purity and Modification methods.</p>

<p>A fucan sulphate found in brown marine algae (Phaeophyta-typically Fucus vesiculotus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Alaria and Cladosiphon (illustrated) and has been shown to have anticoagulant activity. The main constituents are α-1,4 and α-1,2 linked L-fucose sulphates although galactose also occurs and there are many variations of the basic structure found in different species of Phaeophyta.<br>The fucose content of the fucan is approx. 51% and it also contains galactose (approx. 6.3%), uronic acid (approx. 15.5%) and sulfate (approx. 25%).<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>Non-cariogenic sweetener; part of carbohydrate-based, biodegradable tensides</p>

<p>Ezetimibe b-D-glucuronide is a glucuronide conjugate of ezetimibe. It can be found in human serum, as well as in the liver and small intestine. Ezetimibe b-D-glucuronide has been shown to inhibit uptake of uridine into Caco2 cells, which may be due to its ability to inhibit the activity of drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein and organic anion transporting polypeptides. This drug also inhibits the production of creatine kinase in the liver and lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting dietary cholesterol absorption. The drug interactions with statins are still unclear and require further investigation. Ezetimibe b-D-glucuronide is metabolized by glucuronidation in the liver and small intestine.</p>

<p>D-Galactose is a monosaccharide that is found in the form of a white, odorless powder. It has many applications, including as an additive in foods and beverages, as an intermediate in the production of other modified sugars, and as an important component of glycoproteins. D-Galactose is also used to produce glycogen or lactose by modifying it with phosphate or acetate groups. The synthesis of D-galactose is done by methylation of D-glucose followed by glycosylation reactions. This product can be custom synthesized to meet your needs.</p>

<p>Triclosan-beta-D-glucopyranoside is a sugar that is custom synthesized to your specifications. The sugar can be modified by fluorination, glycosylation, methylation, or modification. Triclosan-beta-D-glucopyranoside is an oligosaccharide that has a molecular weight of 534.2 and is soluble in water. This compound has CAS number 6051-08-4.</p>

<p>Phloridzin is a phenolic acid that is found in the cell walls of plants. It has been shown to be a potent antioxidant, with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties. Phloridzin is also an inhibitor of the divalent metal ion-dependent diphenolase activity that causes oxidative DNA damage. The dihydrate form of phloridzin has been shown to inhibit cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice by reducing oxidative stress.</p>

<p>N-Acetylneuraminic acid-OVA refers to ovalbumin that has been conjugated with N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a type of sialic acid. Sialic acids are important components of glycan structures and play various roles in biological processes, such as cell-cell interactions, immune response, and pathogen recognition. Conjugation of ovalbumin with N-acetylneuraminic acid can be used as a tool to study sialic acid-mediated biological phenomena or as an immunogen to elicit a specific immune response.</p>

<p>This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.</p>

<p>UDP-b-L-arabinopyranose is a nucleotide sugar that is used in the synthesis of proteins and other macromolecules. It is synthesized from uridine and d-ribulose 5-phosphate by the enzyme ribulokinase. The reaction between UDP, b-L-arabinofuranose, and ATP, catalyzed by arabinofuranosyl transferase, produces UDP-b-L-arabinopyranose. This nucleotide sugar can be converted to UDP-b-(1→4)-glucuronate by the enzyme glucuronosyltransferase. This process plays an important role in plant physiology as well as in cell wall biosynthesis. The optimal pH for this conversion is 7.5 to 8.2.</p>

<p>Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It is used by mouth for constipation and either by mouth or in the rectum for hepatic encephalopathy. It generally begins working after 8-12 hours, but may take up to 2 days to improve constipation.</p>

<p>Agarose is a polysaccharide found in red algae, typically Gelidium and Gracilaria. It is a strictly alternating polysaccharide of α-1,3 linked D-galactose and β-1,4 linked L-3,6 anhydrogalactose with occasional sulfation at position 6 of the anhydrogalactose residue. Agaro-oligosaccharides result from cleavage at galactose residues and neoagaro-oligosaccharides from cleavage at 3,6-anhydro residues. Reports have suggested that agaropentaose has neuroprotective properties.</p>

<p>4-Acetylphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (4APG) is a natural compound that belongs to the group of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. It has been shown to have antibacterial properties, with an optimum pH of 5.0 and an MIC of 1.0 μg/mL. 4APG was found to be active against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium perfringens. This compound also inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Shigella dysenteriae. The chemical structure of 4APG was determined by NMR spectroscopy analysis and HPLC analysis. Analysis by GCMS revealed that 4APG contains protocatechuic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, and other unknown compounds.</p>

<p>Alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) derivative with a hydrophilic exterior and lipophilic cavity (smaller than β-CDs and γ-CDs) to allocate certain guest molecules. This structural characteristic enables applications in molecular encapsulation, solubility enhancement, and stabilization across multiple industries. In pharmaceuticals, it serves as a drug delivery vehicle, enhancing the bioavailability and stability of active ingredients. The food industry utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, as well as a functional ingredient for its effects on lipid metabolism. In cosmetics, it acts as a complex agent for fragrances and active components. Its applications extend to analytical chemistry for chiral separation and to materials science for developing smart materials and nanosystems.</p>

<p>3'-Sulfated Lewis X sodium salt is a synthetic carbohydrate with a sulfate group on the 3' position of the sugar. It is a selective blocker of E-selectin, a type of selectin that plays an important role in inflammation and tissue injury. The binding site for 3'-sulfated Lewis X sodium salt is the cavity at the end of the selectin molecule, which has a hydrophobic region. This cavity can be blocked by hydrophobic moieties such as sulfates, fatty acids, or steroids. 3'-Sulfated Lewis X sodium salt has been shown to be effective in treating inflammatory conditions such as asthma and arthritis.</p>

<p>The 4-methoxyphenyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl-b-D-galactopyranoside (4MP) is a coagulation factor that inhibits the activity of coagulation factors Xa and IIa. The compound has been shown to be reactive with the detection methods used for other coagulation factors. The sensitivity of 4MP to detection was assessed using a battery of detection methods. 4MP was found to be more reactive than other compounds studied with regard to the use of an immunoassay for detection. This compound has hepatotoxic effects and can cause cell death in vitro. Cell culture studies show that 4MP causes membrane permeabilization and cellular uptake by bacteria.</p>

<p>4-Chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl b-D-galactopyranoside is a synthetic monosaccharide with a methylated, fluorinated, and glycosylated backbone. It is often used as an artificial sweetener or sugar substitute in foods and beverages. The saccharide can be modified to contain one or more click modifications and/or polysaccharides. This product has been custom synthesized for high purity.</p>

<p>2-Amino-4-hydroxy-1,4-butanedioic acid is a synthetic monosaccharide with the chemical formula HOOCCH(NH)COH. It has an empirical formula of CHNO and a molecular weight of 146.14 g mol−1. 2-Amino-4-hydroxy-1,4-butanedioic acid is soluble in water and has no odor or taste. This product can be used for Glycosylation, Oligosaccharide, sugar, Synthetic, Fluorination, Custom synthesis, Methylation, Monosaccharide, Polysaccharide and saccharide modification. 2-Amino-4 hydroxy butanedioic acid can also be used as a building block in Click modification reactions.</p>

<p>The ‘tallowate’ esters are probably the best known derivatives of sucrose and many attempts have been made to commercialise them in order to exploit their excellent surfactant functionalities.  The most functional products are the mono- and diesters of the tallow acids (stearic, palmitic, oleic) with hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values that lend themselves to surfactant applications in foods and cosmetics.  They also have other uses, for example in coating fruits with a semipermeable membrane that acts as a preservative.  Manufacturing economics have prevented these products from mass production and they remain in niche applications.</p>

<p>Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside is a metabolite of the drug 6-fluoro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. It has been shown to induce apoptosis in cells, which is mediated by the activation of caspase 3 and cleavage of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP). Methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside also induces transcriptional regulation and decreases the expression of proteins that are involved in cell proliferation. These effects have been seen in clinical pathology, including cancer and infectious diseases. This metabolite binds to mouse monoclonal antibodies, which are used as a diagnostic tool for several types of cancer. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique has demonstrated that methyl 2 acetamido 2 deoxy a D galactopyranoside inhibits</p>

<p>3,4:5,6-Di-O-Isopropylidene-7-deoxy-D-glycero-L-guloheptitol is a carbohydrate that is a modification of the sugar glucose. It is also an oligosaccharide composed of three monosaccharides and one disaccharide. 3,4:5,6-Di-O-Isopropylidene-7-deoxy-Dglycero--Lguloheptitol has CAS No. 58418–92–1. This product can be custom synthesized to meet your needs and is available in high purity. The methylation and glycosylation are two click modifications that can be done to this product.</p>

<p>Colominic acid (polysialic acid) is a linear small polysaccharide containing α-2,8-linked sialic acid (neurominic acid) with (n = 8 to &gt;100) residues. Polysialic acid is an unusual post translational modification polysaccharide that is widely expressed in nature in bacterial capsules, fish, sea urchin eggs, embryonic tissues, amphibians, animal and human brains, and in a various cancers.  The major carrier of polysialic acids in mammals is the neural cell adhesion molecule (a glycoprotein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily).Average molecular weight for this product is :50000-60000</p>

<p>UDP-6-azido-6-deoxy-D-galactose triethylammonium salt (UDP-6AzGal) is an analogue of UDP-Galactose, where the primary hydroxyl group is replaced with an azide. UDP-6AzGal was confirmed to act as a galactotransferase substrate after it was used in an in vitro glycosylation reaction on lysates from HEK 293TH cells overexpressing ceramide galactosyltransferase. UDP-6AzGal was also used as a label to visualise glycosylation patterns in developing zebrafish embryos.</p>

<p>NAcDGJ is a glycosylation-derived, synthetic, complex carbohydrate with methylation, click modification, fluorination, saccharide and sugar modifications. NAcDGJ has shown to have anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. This compound can be custom synthesized with high purity and CAS number.</p>

<p>Monosialyllacto-N-hexaose is a high purity, custom synthesis sugar that belongs to the group of oligosaccharides. This carbohydrate is modified with fluorination and glycosylation, which are Click modifications. Monosialyllacto-N-hexaose has a CAS number of 68638-04-3. This product is available for purchase in bulk quantities.</p>

<p>4-Azido-4,6-dideoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-L-talono(L-gulono)-1.5 lactone is a high purity synthetic carbohydrate. It is a custom synthesis and can be fluorinated, glycosylated, methylated or modified to meet your specifications. It has CAS number 1263289-75-9. This product is an oligosaccharide with a saccharide repeating unit of 3 to 7 units. The monosaccharides are D and L glucose and the oligosaccharides are D and L maltose. The complex carbohydrate is composed of one or more glycans linked by glycosidic bonds. This product is a sugar that consists of one or more monosaccharides with at least one hexose (D or L) and at least one pentose (D or L).</p>

<p>This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.</p>

<p>5-Deoxy-3,4-di-O-methyl-L-arabinose is a sugar building block that is used as a monosaccharide or polysaccharide. It can be modified with fluorination, methylation, and click chemistry to produce glycosylations and oligosaccharides. 5DAMOL can also be used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. The CAS number for 5DAMOL is 107879-64-2.</p>

<p>2,3,5-Tri-O-benzyl-b-D-xylofuranose is a synthetic carbohydrate with a complex structure. It is an oligosaccharide that has been modified by methylation and glycosylation. It has a molecular weight of 582.16 g/mol and the CAS number is 1174234-12-8.</p>

<p>D-Xylulose 5-phosphate sodium is a phosphorylated sugar derivative, which is a crucial intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway, a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It is naturally sourced from biochemical processes within organisms where it plays a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism.The mode of action involves its function as a substrate in the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, where it facilitates the interconversion of sugars necessary for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis. This intermediary step is vital for the production of ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH, which are essential for anabolic reactions and antioxidant defense mechanisms.D-Xylulose 5-phosphate sodium is predominantly used in biochemical research to study metabolic pathways. It helps researchers investigate cellular processes, understand disease mechanisms where metabolism is disrupted, and explore metabolic engineering applications. By examining its role and transformations, scientists gain insights into energy production, redox balance, and cellular growth, providing foundational knowledge crucial for the development of therapies targeting metabolic disorders and cancer.</p>

<p>2-Amino-2,4-dideoxy-4-fluoro-D-glucose HCl is a synthetic carbohydrate. It is a modification of the sugar glucose with fluorine substitution. The CAS Number for this compound is 53635-91-5. 2-Amino-2,4-dideoxy-4-fluoro-D-glucose HCl has an average molecular weight of 258.1 g/mol and it can be synthesized in custom amounts. This product is available as a white crystalline powder and it can be used in various applications such as glycosylation, methylation, or click chemistry modifications.</p>

<p>2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose, also called 3-fluoro-6-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2,4,5-triol, can be added to the medium of primary cultured rat hepatocytes to inhibit N-glycosylation of proteins. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common antibody found in blood and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-galactose modifies the galactosylation of the N-linked glycan in the IgG-Fc receptor.  We also have the same product MD04718.</p>

<p>N-(4-Methoxybenzylidene)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-D-glucosamine is a modification of the sugar D-glucosamine. It is a custom synthesis that is synthesized and purified to be used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. N-(4-Methoxybenzylidene)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-D-glucosamine is an oligosaccharide with high purity and can be methylated or glycosylated. It has CAS No. 63982-55-8 and has been fluorinated. This modification has been shown to have antihypertensive effects in rats and may also have antiinflammatory properties.</p>

<p>Ethyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-thiofucopyranoside is a synthetic sugar that has been modified to include fluorine atoms. It is a custom synthesis and is available in quantities of 50 grams or more. It can be used as an ingredient in glycoprotein synthesis, where it is used to produce oligosaccharides. Ethyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-thiofucopyranoside may also be useful for the modification of sugars and polysaccharides, which are complex carbohydrates. The chemical can be modified with methyl groups and click chemistry, making it suitable for use in the production of monosaccharides or saccharides. This chemical can also be used for the synthesis of drugs that target specific cells, such as cancer cells.</p>

<p>20-Deoxo-23-deoxy-5-O-[3,6-dideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20,23-di-1-piperidinyltylonolide is an antimicrobial agent that belongs to the group of chemotherapeutic agents. It is a fluorinated analog of tilmicosin. The low dose group was treated with this drug for five days, and the high dose group received 20 times the amount of drug. Fluorescence spectrometry showed that there was no significant difference in the fluorescence intensity between these two groups after 24 hours. This drug has been shown to have pharmacokinetic properties in rats and mice, but further optimization may be required to improve its process.</p>

A sulphated galactan from the red seaweeds (Gelidium spp.). The major gel-forming component agarose consisting of a linear chain of sequences of (1,3) linked β -D-galactopyranosyl units and (1,4 ) linkages to 3,6-anhydro-α-D-galactopyranosyl units. Gelation is via the formation of double helices. Both Gelidium latifolium and Gelidium amansii are sources of both Agar (mixture of agarose and agaropectin) and Agarose. The images were kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.

D-Glucopyranosyl thiosemicarbazide is a synthetic molecule that reacts with halides to produce regiospecifically substituted aldehydes. It has been used in the synthesis of glycosylated heterocycles and for the conversion of amines into reactive intermediates. D-Glucopyranosyl thiosemicarbazide can be prepared by reacting 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone with sodium nitrite in methanol followed by hydrolysis with water. This reaction produces an intermediate that reacts with sulfur dioxide to form the desired product. The structure of this molecule was determined using X-ray crystallography on crystals obtained from aspergillus mold.

<p>Water thickener; rheological control additive; has industrial appplications</p>

<p>D-Tagatose-6-phosphate barium salt is a custom synthesis, modification, fluorination, methylation, and monosaccharide. It has CAS No. and is a polysaccharide. D-tagatose-6-phosphate barium salt is a complex carbohydrate with glycosylation and sugar.</p>

<p>Benzyl b-D-glucopyranoside is an organic solvent that can be used in chromatography. It is a disaccharide that consists of benzyl alcohol and glucose. Benzyl b-D-glucopyranoside has been shown to have inhibitory activities against glycosidation and β-amyrin synthesis, as well as other biochemical techniques. This compound has also been shown to have carbohydrate antigen activity, which may be due to its benzyl group.</p>

<p>3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate is a custom synthesis that has been modified with fluorination and methylation. It is a monosaccharide containing the sugar galactose and it can be found in a saccharide or polysaccharide. This compound was synthesized using click chemistry.</p>

<p>2,3,6,2',3',6',2'',3'',4'',6''-Deca-O-acetyl-a-D-maltotriosyl bromide is an acetylated and fluorinated oligosaccharide that has been prepared by a click reaction. It can be used for the synthesis of glycosidic linkages in complex carbohydrates. This product is available as a custom synthesis.</p>

<p>1-Amino-2,5-anhydro-1-deoxy-D-mannitol is an amino sugar that is synthesized by reductive amination of d-fructose and nitrous acid. It has been shown to be a substrate for the transporter protein, which transports it into the cell. 1-Amino-2,5-anhydro-1-deoxy-D-mannitol has been used in the synthesis of arylamines with nitrous acid as a reducing agent. This process has been used to study the stereospecificity of reductive amination.</p>

<p>4-Methoxyphenyl 4-O-[4-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-3,6-di-O-[α-(1→2)-bromoacetamido]-b-D-glucopyranoside is a complex carbohydrate which belongs to the group of glycosides. It was synthesized by modification of the natural bovine erythrocyte glycoglycerolipid (glycolipid) and monosaccharide (monoglyceride). The synthesis is based on a series of reactions that include methylation and fluorination. This compound has been shown to have high purity and can be made in custom synthesis.</p>

<p>A carbohydrate that is a modification of the saccharide, oligosaccharide, sugar, or fluorinated carbons. It is a complex carbohydrate that is synthesized from monosaccharides. This compound has an acetylated glucopyranosyl group and a methylated glucopyranosyl group that are attached by an acetal linkage. The compound can be modified with click chemistry to produce a desired product.</p>

<p>Chitobiose is a dimer formed by beta-1,4-linked glucosamine units.<br>It is also the repeated dimer of chitin, a polysaccharide.</p>

<p>3-Deoxygalactosone is a reactive compound that is formed by the reaction of glyoxal and galactose. The glyoxal molecule reacts with the hydroxyl group on the galactose to form a new aldehyde, which can then react with another molecule of glyoxal or galactose to form 3-deoxygalactosone. 3-Deoxygalactosone has been shown to have health effects in clinical studies. It also has been shown to decrease the dry weight of rats fed a high-fat diet. This compound also is an intermediate in the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which is produced during the Maillard reaction between sugars and amino acids. 3-Deoxygalactosone binds to proteins, forming hydrogen bonds with amino acid side chains and affecting their biological function.</p>

<p>1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-acetyl-b-D-galactopyranose, also known as beta-D-galactose pentaacetate, has high chemical stability and long shelf life. This protected form of galactose is a key building block of any chemical synthesis of galactose-containing oligosaccharides or glycoconjugates. In the presence of Lewis acids it can be used as a glycosyl donor to make simple glycosides. In order to perform more complex galactosylations it can be converted into more reactive donors, such as glycosyl halides or thioglycosides.</p>

<p>1-Naphthyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-galactopyranose is a modified carbohydrate that is used in the synthesis of polysaccharides. It is a high purity, custom synthesized monosaccharide that has been fluorinated and methylated. This chemical can be glycosylated or click modified to produce saccharides with desired properties.</p>

<p>D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is a non-essential amino acid that belongs to the group of nucleotide sugar phosphates. It is a metabolite of the sugar D-glucose and it plays an important role in the energy metabolism of bacteria, plants, and animals. It has been shown to have anti-cancer effects on prostate cancer cells. D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate inhibits methyltransferase activity by binding to the enzyme's active site. This inhibition prevents DNA synthesis, leading to cell death. The structural analysis has been done using NMR spectroscopy on d-arabinose as a model substrate.</p>

<p>N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of N-acetyl D-glucosamine to N-acetyl D-mannosamine. This enzyme is a recombinant protein. It has been shown to be active against bacterial cells and has been used as a target for antibodies in research. The enzyme is insoluble at high concentrations, so it must be refolded before use. It is active in a denatured form, but can be made inactive by heat or other denaturing agents such as urea, guanidine hydrochloride, or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Refolding strategies include dilution, dialysis, or adsorption onto a solid support such as agarose beads.<br>!--</p>

<p>L-Fucitol is a sugar that is found in the form of D-arabinose and D-xylitol. It is used in flow systems for the detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) glycoproteins and can be used to measure xylitol dehydrogenase activity. L-Fucitol has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, and erythromycin. L-Fucitol also inhibits enzymes such as galactocerebrosidase, which breaks down galactocerebroside, a myelin constituent. This inhibition leads to accumulation of galactitol, an inhibitor of oligosaccharide synthesis. L-Fucitol also inhibits enzyme activities such as glycosidases and glycosyltransferases, which affect metabolic profiles by inhibiting the breakdown or synthesis of sugars. L-Fucitol is a monosac</p>

<p>A protected glucuronide which is an anomeric mixture.</p>

<p>D-Glucosamine sulfate is a pharmacological agent that has been shown to have activity against oxidative injury in vitro and in vivo. It inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, which are believed to be responsible for the development of liver disease. D-Glucosamine sulfate has also been shown to have activity against infectious diseases, with a particular focus on the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to detect the expression of glucosamine synthetase and other genes encoding enzymes that synthesize glucosamine in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This drug may also be useful for treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, as it has been shown to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which is involved in the inflammatory response.</p>

<p>1-Deoxy-L-mannitol is an effective oral hypoglycemic agent that has been used in the treatment of diabetes. It is a sugar alcohol with a chemical structure similar to glucose and erythritol. 1-Deoxy-L-mannitol is absorbed by the small intestine and enters the bloodstream after being hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes. It inhibits fatty acid synthesis, which leads to decreased levels of acetyl coenzyme A and increased levels of carnitine, leading to activation of fatty acid oxidation in liver cells. This drug also inhibits phosphatase activity, which leads to decreased production of glycerophosphate from triphosphate. This process results in an increase in intracellular pH and a decrease in plasma glucose concentration. The use of 1-deoxy-L-mannitol for the treatment of diabetes was first reported by George Cahill and his colleagues at Harvard University in 1967. It was shown that this drug could reduce blood sugar</p>

<p>2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-cellobiosyl bromide is a naturally occurring trisubstituted steroidal glycoside. It is insoluble in water and activated by chloride ions. 2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-cellobiosyl bromide has been shown to have antiviral properties in mammalian tissue cultures. This compound also has potential use as an ingredient in skin care products due to its ability to inhibit the production of fatty acids that are essential for the replication of viruses.<br>2,3,6,2',3',4',6'-Hepta-O-acetyl-a-D-cellobiosyl bromide can be found in microalgae and food composition as a nutrient.</p>

<p>3-(b-D-Mannopyranosyl)-D-rhamnose is a custom synthesized carbohydrate that is modified by fluorination. It is also a complex carbohydrate with an Oligosaccharide, sugar, and a Monosaccharide. 3-(b-D-Mannopyranosyl)-D-rhamnose has high purity and can be used for methylation, glycosylation, or Click modifications. Click modification is an organic chemistry technique that uses a copper ion to add chemical groups to the surface of molecules. This provides access to new functionalities, such as increased solubility or stability in organic solvents.</p>

<p>1-Deoxy-D-xylulose is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xylulokinase, which catalyses the first step in the metabolism of D-xylulose to form 5-phosphate. This prevents the conversion of D-xylulose to xylitol and inhibits body formation. The 1-deoxy--D-xylulose molecule has been shown to bind selectively to sodium citrate by x-ray diffraction data. Sodium citrate is an antimicrobial agent used for food preservation and as a preservative in pharmaceuticals. It also has been shown to control enzyme activities that are involved in infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and leprosy.<br>1-Deoxy--D--xylulose is one of many high purity steviol glycosides that have been identified as potential drug targets for inhibiting body formation or growth.</p>

<p>Iron sucrose is a sucrose-iron complex that is administered intravenously for the treatment of bowel disease and iron deficiency. Iron sucrose has been shown to have potent inducers of oxidative injury, which may be due to the formation of reactive oxygen species. Iron sucrose has also been shown to increase cellular transformation and congestive heart failure in mice. Long-term toxicity studies have not been conducted.</p>

<p>D-Saccharic acid calcium salt tetrahydrate is a white crystalline powder. It is a synthetic sugar that has been modified with fluorine and other substituents to produce a high purity, stable molecule. It can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of oligosaccharides, monosaccharides, or glycosylations. D-Saccharic acid calcium salt tetrahydrate is synthesized by methylation and glycosylation of the saccharic acid molecule. This product can also be custom synthesized to meet your needs.</p>

<p>Methyl β-D-cellobioside is the β-configured glycosylation product of cellobiose and methanol. It is a cellobiose mimetic without the reactive (reducing) properties of the cellobiose aldehyde/hemiacetal. As a highly water soluble, non-reducing mimetic of cellobiose (the repeating disaccharide of cellulose), methyl β-D-cellobioside has been applied as inhibitor of binding events involving cellulose-binding domains (CBD) in proteins, for instance as part of the eluent in the related affinity chromatography. It is also a substrate for various β-glucosidases and glycosyltransferases, and the scaffold is a useful starting material for the chemical synthesis of inhibitors of the latter types of enzymes.</p>

<p>Fructose with azide functional handle</p>

<p>Lumefantrine b-D-Glucuronide is an anti-malarial drug with a high purity and custom synthesis. It can be synthesized by click modification, fluorination, glycosylation, and methylation of the sugar. Lumefantrine b-D-Glucuronide is an oligosaccharide that contains saccharides and complex carbohydrates. Lumefantrine b-D-Glucuronide is a sugar modified to produce a molecule that is more soluble in water. It has a CAS No. 460745-26-0 and can also be found under the name Oligosaccharide, Monosaccharide, Saccharide, Carbohydrate.</p>

<p>D-Fucose is a sugar that can be synthesized in vitro. It is a component of the xanthurenic acid pathway, which is involved in the synthesis of l-arabinose. D-Fucose has been found to have anti-leukemic effects and to inhibit enzyme activities in vitro. It has also been shown to bind to the toll-like receptor, α1-acid glycoprotein, and surface membranes. A hydroxyl group at position 1 on the fucose molecule may be important for this binding. D-Fucose's biological properties are related to its structural analysis and the cell receptors it binds with. D-Fucose has an optimum pH level of 7, so it cannot survive outside of a neutral environment. It does not need any biological cofactors or enzymes for its synthesis, so it is classified as a nonessential nutrient. D-Fucose is also used in blood groups because it contains an antigen</p>

<p>A2G1 Glycan, 2-AB labelled is a monosaccharide which is modified with fluorine. A2G1 Glycan, 2-AB labelled is used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrate structures. It has been shown to be useful for click modification, methylation and polysaccharide synthesis. This compound can also be custom synthesized to order. The purity of this product is high and it is available in a range of CAS numbers.</p>

<p>Synthetic building block for oligosaccharide synthesis</p>