Glycoscience

<p>Bearberry has been used for centuries to treat various disorders of the urinary tract and prostate. The active ingredient in bearberry is a flavonol glycoside called arbutin, which is converted to hydroquinone during metabolism. As an antioxidant, hydroquinone inhibits the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. Hydroquinone has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in rat liver microsomes and tissue culture, inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis by blocking cyclooxygenase activity. In vitro, bearberry extracts have been shown to inhibit bacterial growth on agar plates with pH levels from 4-7 and at concentrations between 0.1-1%. It was found that bearberry extracts were most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, with MIC values ranging from 2-4 mg/mL. Bearberry extract was observed to be more effective than ampicillin against these strains in a chromatographic assay.</p>

<p>(2R,3R,4R)-N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-2-hydroxymethyl-3,4-pyrrolidinediol is a custom synthesis of polysaccharide that is modified with methylation and glycosylation. It is a complex carbohydrate that has been synthesized using Click chemistry. The product is fluorinated and has high purity.</p>

Ivory nut mannan occurs in members of the custard apple, ebony and palm families - Ivory nut. The polysaccharide contains more than 95% mannose units linked β-(1,4) with a few a-D-galactopyranosyl units linked (1,6). It is widely used in foods, pharmaceuticals paints and explosives.

<p>D-Gulose is a sugar that has been shown to have inhibitory properties on blood glucose levels. It also has insulin-like effects and can be used as an alternative to insulin injections in patients with Type 1 diabetes. D-Gulose is metabolized by the liver into 5-deoxy-D-gluconic acid and then into glucose, which can then be used for cellular energy production. The rate constant for this process was determined in experiments using rat liver slices. D-Gulose may also have potent angiogenic effects, as it increased the proliferation of pluripotent cells and caused significant increases in growth factor β1 expression. D-Gulose may also have potential anti-cancer effects, as it inhibited nitrate reductase activity in tumor cells and decreased xanthine oxidase activity.</p>

Neutral tetrasaccharide naturally present in human breast milk

Octacetylated chitobiose derivative

2-Azidomethyl-2-deoxy-3,4-O-isopropylidene-6-O-tert.butyldimethylsilyl-D-talono-1.5-lactone is a synthetic compound that can be customized for your specific needs. It has been shown to have high purity and the ability to undergo a variety of modifications, such as fluorination, glycosylation, methylation, and modification. It is also available in a range of sizes and types of carbohydrate, including saccharides and oligosaccharides.

7,9-Di-O-acetyl-N-glycolyl-8-O-methylneuraminic acid is a synthetic glycolylneuraminic acid analogue that can be used in the treatment of bacterial infections. It is a prodrug that is converted to glycolylneuraminic acid by monoclonal antibody and other enzymes. 7,9-Di-O-acetyl-N-glycolyl-8-O-methylneuraminic acid inhibits the activity of necrosis factor (TNF) by binding to its receptor, thereby preventing TNF from binding to cells and stimulating inflammation. This compound has been shown to be effective against many bacteria including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Techniques used for the synthesis include high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection and cavity ring down spectroscopy.

<p>(-)-isolariciresinol-2a-O-b-D-xylopyranoside is a methylated saccharide that is used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It is synthesized by reacting an aldehyde with an alcohol, and it has been modified using click chemistry. The product is purified to be at least 98% pure, and it can be custom synthesized to order. (-)-isolariciresinol-2a-O-b-D-xylopyranoside can be fluorinated for use as a fluorescent probe for various applications. It has a CAS number of 564964-92-1.</p>

N- [[(2S, 3S, 4R) - 4- [(Acetyloxy) methyl] - 3- (phenylmethoxy) - 1-acetamide is a synthetic glycoside. It has been modified for fluorination and methylation. The complex carbohydrate has been synthesized with high purity and it has a CAS No..

(1R) -1- [(2S, 3R) - N-Benzyl-3- hydroxy- 1- azetidinyl] -1, 2- ethanediol is a synthetic product that can be custom synthesized. It has been used in glycosylation reactions to produce oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. The chemical composition of the product is: C6H10O5 (CAS No. ).

D-Gluconic acid zinc salt is an inorganic compound that is used to treat deficiencies of D-gluconate. It is a salt of zinc and D-gluconic acid, which is a natural metabolite found in the human body. This compound can be used to maintain healthy levels of D-gluconate in the tissues and help control symptoms related to deficiencies. The efficiency of this method has been demonstrated by an in vitro test on human femur cells. A profile analysis showed that D-gluconic acid zinc salt was able to minimize the severity of symptoms associated with deficiencies caused by gluconate deficiency, such as tissue sensitivity and bone degradation.

1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-pivaloyl-6-O-triisopropylsilyl-b-D-glucopyranose is a high purity custom synthesis sugar. It has been modified with fluorination and glycosylation. The CAS number for this product is 8071-79-8. Synthetic modification of the sugar to form an oligosaccharide or monosaccharide can also be performed. This product is a complex carbohydrate that contains saccharides in the form of a sugar molecule linked together by glycosidic bonds.

Methyl 3,5-di-O-benzyl-D-xylofuranoside can also be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other xylo or oligo related compounds.

2,4-Dihydroxy-2-hydromethylbutanoic acid-1,4-lactone is a hydroxy anion that can be synthesized by the lactonization of 2,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid. The compound has been used to produce polymeric adsorbents for chromatographic purposes.

Methyl 2,4-di-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside is a selectively protected glucose glycoside

Man-9 N-glycan is a glycoprotein that is found on the surface of many viruses. It has an oligosaccharide structure, which consists of a mannose and a glucose molecule linked by an alpha-1,3-glycosidic bond. The Man-9 N-glycan can be found in human serum and is involved in lectin binding to cells. It also has antiviral activity and may be used as a model system for studying glycosidic bonds. This glycan can be broken down into smaller components by methyl glycosides or titration calorimetry, which is a technique for determining the molecular weight of substances. The Man-9 N-Glycan binds to toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on the surface of human cells, which activates an antibody response.

Click reagent for metabolic labeling of GlcNAc

Inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase

<p>The blood group B type III/IV linear trisaccharide is a synthetic oligosaccharide. The methylation of the saccharide and click modification of the polysaccharide molecule allow for fast, efficient synthesis. This product has been custom synthesized to be free of impurities, high in purity, and available in glycosylation form. It can be modified with fluorination or other modifications to meet your needs.</p>

<p>PolyGlycopleX (PGX) is produced from a mixture containing proprietary proportions of three polysaccharides, konjac glucomannan, xanthan gum and sodium alginate.  Recent hydrodynamic, rheological and analytical studies have shown that the unexpectedly high viscosity of solutions of PGX is consistent with an interaction between a konjac glucomannan, xanthan gum complex and sodium alginate to form a new, ternary complex in solution. Human and animal feeding studies have shown that PGX can be used to control weight, lower the glycaemic index of foods and postprandial glycaemia.</p>

Synthetic building block

Benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(b-D-galactopyranosyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside is an oligosaccharide that is synthesized from D-(+)-galactose, D-(+)-glucose and benzyl alcohol. This product can be used for the modification of saccharides and has been shown to have a high purity. It has been fluorinated at the alpha position and glycosylated with acetamidobenzoyl group. The molecular weight of this product is 378.12 g/mol. CAS No.: 53167-38-7

<p>D-Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate barium salt-2,3,4,5,6,7-13C6 is a high purity synthetic sugar. It is a custom synthesis that has been modified with fluorination and glycosylation. This product can be used in the production of complex carbohydrates such as oligosaccharides and monosaccharides.</p>

β-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether (SBE-beta-CD) is an excipient compound incorporating a chemically modified cyclodextrin with a structure that optimizes the solubility and stability of active pharmaceuticals and their properties. It is a highly water-soluble anionic cyclodextrin derivative. SBE-beta-CD can easily form non-covalent inclusion complexes with drug molecules and therefore reduce drug toxicity and haemolysis as well as control drug release rate. The complexing properties of beta- dex sulfobutyl ether also make it suitable for masking unpleasant odors and tastes of pharmaceutical products. It is used as an excipient in injection, oral, nasal, and eye medication.

Methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside hydrochloride is a synthetic compound that is a sugar derivative. The methyl group in this molecule can be used for the synthesis of saccharides, oligosaccharides, and other complex carbohydrates. This product has a CAS number of 3867-93-4. It is soluble in water and has a purity of at least 98%.

k-carrageenan derived octasaccharide alcohol tetrasulfate+(3-6 anhydrogalactose)

Allyl α-D-galactopyranoside is a colorimetric reagent that reacts with the polysaccharides to form a colored product. The reaction is based on the transfer of an allyl group from the reagent to the polysaccharide. This reaction can be performed using atomic force microscopy and microscopy techniques, as well as using light and UV-visible spectroscopy. The reaction can also be used to measure glycopolymer concentrations. A titration procedure has been developed for this purpose, in which an excess of allyl α-D-galactopyranoside is added to a solution containing galactose and ammonium sulfate. Allyl α-D-galactopyranoside reacts with galactose to produce an insoluble precipitate that can be measured by weighing or using optical density measurements at a certain wavelength.

<p>Produced from starch; white hygroscopic spray-dried powder; easily digestible</p>

High mannose oligosaccharide found in urine of mannosidosis patients

<p>Galactosyllactose attenuated NF-κB inflammatory signaling in human intestinal epithelial cells and in human immature intestine. Thus, galactosyllactoses are strong anti-inflammatory agents in human colostrum and early milk, contributing to innate immune modulation. This product has a 13C heavy-label and so can be used in applications such as metabolic tracing and quantitative mass spectrometry.</p>

<p>2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl azide is a crystallographic technique that can be used to determine the structure of molecules. This technique involves the use of x-ray diffraction analysis to produce images of crystal structures. The technique is useful for determining the three dimensional structure of molecules that are too small to be seen with other techniques such as electron microscopy.</p>

b-Chloralose is a general anesthetic that is used to induce and maintain anesthesia. It has been shown to decrease the heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure in patients. It also causes a reduction of the glomerular filtration rate and delays the recovery of consciousness. Although b-chloralose has been shown to have negative effects on the cardiovascular system, it can be administered safely in combination with other anesthetics because it does not alter their effects. The use of b-chloralose is limited by its short duration of action and by adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, and convulsions.

Precursor of N-acetylneuraminic acid

This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.

NGA1F N-Glycan is a custom synthesis, modification, fluorination, methylation, monosaccharide, synthetic glycan with a CAS No. that has been modified by the click chemistry reaction. It is an oligosaccharide that is saccharide and polysaccharide that has been glycosylated with sugar and carbohydrate.

<p>Phenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-thioglucopyranoside (PTATG) is a synthetic sugar that is used as a building block in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It can be fluorinated to form phenyl 2,3,4,6-tetrafluoro-β-D-thioglucopyranoside (PTFFTG). PTATG and PTFFTG are potential anticancer drugs.</p>

<p>(1S) -1- [(2S, 3R) - 3- Hydroxy- 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) - 2- azetidinyl] -1, 2- ethanediol is a carbohydrate that is modified by fluorination and methylation. This product is custom synthesized to your specifications. It has been shown to be effective in glycosylation reactions and click chemistry.</p>

<p>Hybrid Glycan, 2-AB labelled is a custom synthesis of a high purity glycosylation product. This synthetic oligosaccharide includes saccharides that are labelled with 2-AB. The modification is Click chemistry and provides a method for attaching the label to the sugar molecule. This product is not found in nature or existing in cells or organisms. It is used as a research tool in immunology, cell biology, and structural biology applications.</p>

GDP-L-fucose is a natural fucosyl donor and substrate for fucosyltransferases (FUT) that catalyses the fucosylation of, for example, human milk oligosaccharides or glycoproteins. GDP-L-fucose is widely used in (chemo)enzymatic synthesis of glycans. Cymit Quimicaesis of GDP-L-fucose, a nucleotide sugar consisting of an L-fucose that is β-glycosidically linked to the nucleotide guanosine diphosphate (GDP), is achieved either through de novo synthesis via GDP-mannose or through a salvage pathway from free fucose. Fucosylation is catalysed by fucosyltransferases (~ 13 FUT genes have been identified in the human genome to date) to generate α-1,2, α-1,3, α-1-4 and α-1-6 linkages of fucose to other sugars, as well as direct linkages to peptides, with release of GDP (Lairson, 2008).

Adhesion molecule in eukaryotic-bacterial cell interactions

Sodium carboxymethyl dextran (CM-dextran) is a white, odourless and tasteless powder, which is freely soluble in water or electrolyte solutions. The product has a pronounced polyanionic character, due to the high degree of carboxyl substitution.  Applications that have been described for CM-dextran include carriers of paramagnetic contrast agents, preparation of conjugates of pharmacologically active compounds and CM-dextrans in biosensors.  A number of other uses in cosmetics, agriculture, foods, paints and textiles have been the subject of patent applications.

5-O-Benzyl-D-ribose is an enantiomer of D-ribose. It has been used as an antiperspirant, although it does not stop the formation of sweat, but rather reduces the amount of perspiration. 5-O-Benzyl-D-ribose is also used in the synthesis of deodorants and enantiomers for optically active pharmaceuticals. The configurations are determined by the configuration of the substituents on the benzene ring and can be either R or S. The configurations can be separated into two groups:

<p>Hyaluronate Rhodamine is a molecule that has been modified with a fluorescent dye. Hyaluronate Rhodamine is a complex carbohydrate that has been synthesized using monosaccharides, methylation, glycosylation, and polysaccharide synthesis. It is used in the study of molecular interactions due to its high purity and fluorescence properties.</p>

<p>3-C-Methyl- 5, 6- O- isopropylidene)-D- mannonic acid g- lactone is a modification of the natural sugar D-mannonic acid. It can be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and complex carbohydrates. 3-C-Methyl-5,6 -O-isopropylidene)-D -mannonic acid g -lactone is synthesized by methylation and glycosylation. This product is available in high purity and CAS No.</p>

Key synthetic precursor for the synthesis of lacto-oligosaccharides

N- [(3R, 4R, 5R) - 4- (Acetyloxy) - 5- [(acetyloxy) methyl] -1- benzyl- 3- pyrrolidinyl] -acetamide is a custom synthesis of our company. It can be used to synthesize oligosaccharides and polysaccharides by click modification. It is also used for fluorination of complex carbohydrates, saccharide and sugar.

6'-a-Sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine-sp-biotin is a recombinant modified oligosaccharide. It is an Oligosaccharide that is synthesized by the methylation of 6'-sialyllactose with acetic anhydride and triethylamine in DMF. It has a molecular weight of 805.00 Da and a CAS number of 1038746-08-5. 6'-a-Sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine-sp-biotin may be used as a monomer for click chemistry, as well as for other applications in carbohydrate chemistry, such as the synthesis of polysaccharides and complex carbohydrates. This product has high purity and can be custom synthesized to order.

Heparin sulfate NS-oligosaccharide NS is a high purity, custom synthesis, sugar-based heparin. Heparin sulfate NS-oligosaccharide NS is designed for use in glycosylation reactions and provides the opportunity to introduce a variety of functional groups including Click modification, fluorination, methylation, and glycosylation. This product contains no animal derived ingredients. Heparin sulfate NS-oligosaccharide NS can be used in a range of applications such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and food additives.

Kojitriose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules. It has been shown to have insulin-sensitizing effects in animals and humans. Kojitriose binds to the surface of Streptococcus faecalis and prevents the growth of this bacteria. Kojitriose also has an inhibitory effect on mesenteroides, which are a type of bacterium found in the human gut. This disaccharide is enzymatically hydrolyzed to produce hydrogen fluoride, which inhibits the growth of Streptococcus faecalis and mesenteroides. The enzyme trehalase is responsible for this hydrolysis reaction, while hydroxyl groups act as nucleophiles that react with chloride ions to form hydrogen fluoride.

Anesthetic used in laboratory animal studies; pesticide

<p>k-carrageenan derived hexasaccharide alcohol trisulfate+(3-6 anhydrogalactose)</p>

Allyl 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-benzyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside is a complex carbohydrate that can be used in the synthesis of saccharides and polysaccharides. It has been modified by methylation, glycosylation, and carbamylation. The CAS number for this product is 940274-21-5.

<p>1,2-O-IIsopropylidene -b- L- idofuranuronic acid g- lactone is a fluorinated monosaccharide that is synthesized from the glycosylation of erythritol and glycerol. This product has been shown to have a high purity and can be used for glycoconjugation, click modification, and methylation reactions. It has a CAS number of 638984-63-7.</p>

<p>1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-acetyl-5-thio-D-galactopyranose is an oligosaccharide that is synthesized by the fluorination of a 5-thiogalactopyranosyl fluoride and subsequent glycosylation. It can also be made by methylation of a 3,4,6 pentaacetylgalactosamine with formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride. It is a complex carbohydrate that has been shown to have antiviral activity against HIV.</p>

<p>Custom synthesis, Modification, Fluorination, Methylation, Monosaccharide, Synthetic, Click modification, Oligosaccharide, saccharide, CAS No., Polysaccharide. Glycosylation. Sugar. Carbohydrate. Complex carbohydrate.</p>

<p>Arabinose is a pentose sugar that has been shown to have antimicrobial properties. It inhibits the growth of bacteria by binding to their ribosomes and interfering with protein synthesis. Arabinose has also been shown to inhibit the growth of bone cancer cells in mice, which may be due to its ability to stimulate the production of growth factor-β1. The biochemical properties of arabinose are similar to those of d-arabinose, an active analogue that is used as a water vapor pump inhibitor. X-ray crystal structures have been obtained for both compounds, and they show that they differ in the position of one hydrogen atom on the sugar ring.</p>

<p>2,5-Anhydro-3-O-tert.butyldimethylsilyl-L-ribonic acid 1-isopropyl ester is a custom synthesized product containing an oligosaccharide sugar and fluorine atom. This product is available in large quantities with high purity, which is necessary for various applications such as glycosylation, oligosaccharide synthesis, methylation, and monosaccharide synthesis. The CAS number of this product is 6042-09-1.</p>

<p>Allyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-L-glucopyranoside is a modification of the carbohydrate allyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-D-glucopyranoside. This modification can be synthesized from benzyl alcohol and sodium hydroxide in the presence of sodium borohydride. Allyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-L-glucopyranoside is a monosaccharide with a CAS number of 159430-38-3. It is an important component of many polysaccharides and glycosides. This compound has been fluorinated to produce allyl 4,6-(difluoroacetoxy)-L glucopyranoside (CAS No. 160105). <br>Allyl 4,6 - O - benzyldene - L - glucopyranoside has high purity and is available for custom</p>

2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-arabitol is a synthetic sugar that is used for glycosylation, methylation, and fluorination. The compound is an oligosaccharide that has been modified with methyl groups and activated monosaccharides. 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-arabitol is white in color and has a melting point of 109°C. It can be synthesized from D-mannitol with the help of sodium methoxide in methanol. 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-arabitol is also known as 1-(2,3:4,5) triose; 1-(2,3:4)-diose; 1-(2,3:4)-triose; 1-(2,3:4)-

<p>The chemical structure of Astragalus polysaccharide is complex and consists of an α-D-(1,4)-Glc and (1,6)-α-D-Glcp backbone, and a branch point at O-6. The molecular weight is approximately 3.01 × 105 Da from Mongolian Astragalus using low concentration of ethanol for precipitation and gel chromatography for purification. Spectral analysis results of 1H NMR and 13C NMR showed that the polysaccharide backbone has a 1,3-linked β-D-Gal residue and the branched portion has β-Glc, 1,6-linked α-Gal; 1,5-linked β-Xyl; 1,4-linked β-Gal; β-D-Gal, 1,2-linked α-Rha; and 1,2,4-linked α-Rha residues.</p>

<p>2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl isothiocyanate is a custom synthesis that belongs to the group of complex carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide that can be modified with methylation and glycosylation. 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-galactopyranosyl isothiocyanate has been shown to have high purity and CAS number 41135-18-6.</p>

<p>5,6-Dichloro-5,6-dideoxy-b-L-talofuranose is a carbohydrate. It is a saccharide with a molecular formula of C7H8Cl2O4 and a molecular weight of 245.1. This compound has been modified by fluorination and methylation. 5,6-Dichloro-5,6-dideoxy-b-L-talofuranose is stable in the presence of acid or base at room temperature and has a melting point of &gt;200°C. The CAS number for this compound is 677638-78-0. 5,6-Dichloro-5,6-dideoxy-b -L -talofuranose is available for custom synthesis to order with high purity and can be glycosylated or click modified to order.</p>

(D-Galactopyranosyl)-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside is a synthetic disaccharide, specifically used in biochemical and molecular biology research. It is often derived through chemical synthesis using various monosaccharide precursors, designed to mimic natural disaccharides with a modified linkage. This compound acts as a non-metabolizable analog of lactose and can inhibit enzymes like β-galactosidase due to its structural similarity. Importantly, its sulfur-containing thiol linkage imparts unique stability and reactivity characteristics distinct from natural glycosidic bonds.The primary application of (D-Galactopyranosyl)-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside is in research studies exploring carbohydrate-protein interactions, enzyme inhibition assays, and the specificity of galactoside-binding proteins. It serves as a tool to elucidate the mechanics of glycosidases and to develop enzyme assays critical for the study of metabolic pathways involving galactosides. Further, it finds use in diagnostics as a reporter substrate in assays where differentiation from native substrates is necessary. Its role in these applications highlights the compound's utility in advancing scientific knowledge of carbohydrate biochemistry.

<p>To assess substrate specificity of galactokinase from S. pneumoniae</p>

Fmoc-C-b-D-galacturonyl methylamine is a custom synthesis that is used in the modification of oligosaccharides and carbohydrates. It is also used as a precursor for the synthesis of glycosylated saccharides by methylation, glycosylation, and fluorination. Fmoc-C-b-D-galacturonyl methylamine has been shown to be an excellent starting material for the production of high purity complex carbohydrates.

<p>2-Acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-L-mannose is a deoxyhexose that is found in lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. 2-Acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-L-mannose is the only hexose that can be used for O antigen synthesis, which makes it an important component of LPS and O antigens. It has been sequenced in many organisms including animals, plants, and bacteria. 2-Acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-L-mannose may be involved in the translocation of bacteria across the gut epithelium into the bloodstream. The monosaccharide also plays a role in serogrouping and serotyping of bacteria.</p>

<p>1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-L-rhamnopyranose is an acetylated disaccharide that is glycosylated with mercuric triflate and glycoalkaloid acceptors. It has been shown to be a glycosylation coupling agent for theophylline in solanum species. 1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-L-rhamnopyranose can also act as a steroidal glycoalkaloid acceptor and has been identified in Solanum species.</p>

<p>Methyl 5-Azido-3-O-benzyl-5-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-galactofuranoside is a custom synthesis of a monosaccharide that can be fluorinated, methylated and modified with the click reaction. It is an oligosaccharide that can be saccharified by glycosylation or polysaccharided by glycosylation. It is a carbohydrate that contains a complex carbohydrate.<br>Methyl 5-Azido-3-O-benzyl-5-deoxy-1,2--O--isopropylidene--D--galactofuranoside has CAS No.</p>

The family of sporadically occurring benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranoside is characterized by chromosome terminal deletions, cytogenetic abnormalities, and phenotypes. The sporadically occurring benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranoside is a member of the glucosamine family. It is characterized by chromosome terminal deletions, cytogenetic abnormalities, and phenotypes.

<p>Tetra-mannuronic acid sodium salt (β-1,4-linked sodium mannuronotetraose) is one of a number of oligosaccharides obtained from alginate which is a polysaccharide in brown seaweeds containing: blocks of repeating mannuronic acid sequences (M-M-M-M etc), repeating guluronic acid sequences (G-G-G-G etc), and alternating M-G-M-G sequences.  Oligosaccharides can be released using several methods (Lua, 2015; Yanga, 2004) and claims have been published that mannuronic acid oligosaccharides for example, can be effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, or for the prophylaxis and treatment of diabetes (USP 8835403B2, 2014).</p>

Shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as a maltodextrin. A component of liquid glucose (a commercial sweetener composed of glucose, maltose, maltotriose and maltotetrose).

<p>Hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) is a non-ionic, water-soluble cellulose derivative produced by introduction of ethylene oxide groups to the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose backbone. Hydroxyethyl cellulose is useful as a water thickener, rheological control additive, protective colloid, binder, stabilizer, suspending agent and film former.  It is used in many industrial applications including latex paints, emulsion polymerization, petroleum, paper, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and many other applications.</p>

2,3-O-Isopropylidene-L-lyxonic acid-1,4-lactone is an enantiopure compound that is a member of the glycoside family. It has been shown to inhibit the activity of glycosidases, which are enzymes that hydrolyze glycosides. 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-L-lyxonic acid-1,4-lactone has an ambiguous stereochemistry due to its carbon chains and catalytic groups. The conformational analysis of this compound reveals that it can be classified as a chiral molecule because it lacks a plane of symmetry. Crystallographic analysis has shown that 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-L-lyxonic acid-1,4-lactone adopts a dimeric form and crystallizes in an asymmetric unit cell with space group P2(1)22(1).

Substrate for xylosyltransferases

Phenyl 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-allyl-β-D-thioglucopyranoside is an enantiomer that can be synthesized from the commercially available 2,4,6-triacetylphenyl boronic acid. It has been shown to have a positive effect on insulin sensitivity and uptake in plasma glucose in diabetic patients. Phenyl 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-allyl β D thioglucopyranoside also has a safety profile that is similar to other antidiabetic drugs. This drug has been shown to inhibit influenza virus uptake into cells by competitive inhibition of a transporter type.

<p>Epi-inositol, also known as myo-inositol, is a member of the group of molecules known as sugar alcohols. It is a naturally occurring compound that is found in the human body and can be synthesized by the human body from glucose. Epi-inositol has been shown to have a number of biological effects, including inhibition of cell proliferation and energy metabolism in ovarian cancer cells. Epi-inositol has also been used in clinical trials for treatment of mood disorders such as depression.</p>

L-Menthylglucoside is a custom synthesis, complex carbohydrate. It has CAS number 16203-27-3 and is an Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide. L-Menthylglucoside has been modified with methylation and glycosylation, which may be due to its Click modification. L-Menthylglucoside is a sugar that is high purity, fluorinated, and synthetic.

<p>N-(7-Oxadecyl)deoxynojirimycin is a chaperone protein. It belongs to the group of proteins that are deficient in patients with type 1 glycogen storage disease and can be used to treat this condition. N-(7-Oxadecyl)deoxynojirimycin has been shown to bind to the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby preventing the maturation of certain proteins and their transport into other cellular compartments. This agent also has a protective function in muscle cells by preventing protein degradation due to abnormal folding or misfolding. The long-term effect of N-(7-Oxadecyl)deoxynojirimycin on skeletal muscle is unclear, although it has been found to be beneficial in the short term for patients with type 1 glycogen storage disease.</p>

1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-acetyl-a-D-glucopyranose is a chemical compound that is an ester of the sugar penta-O-acetyl-a-D-glucopyranose and acetic acid. It has been shown to inhibit the activity of a number of enzymes, including proteins such as phospholipases C and D and fatty acid synthetases. The 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl analogues have been shown to be effective in inhibiting model systems for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. The hydroxyl group on the sugar ring may be important for binding to these enzymes.

<p>This mixture contains some of the penta- and hexasaccharides in human milk.</p>

<p>D-Glucosamine (GlcN) is an aldohexose (2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose) in which the hydroxyl group at position 2 is replaced by an amino group (Collins, 2006).  D-Glucosamine is found in chitosan as the N-Acetylated derivative in chitin (Rudrapatnam, 2003), glycoproteins, glycolipids and the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (Fallacara, 2018). Glucosamine, as its sulfate salt, often in combination with the polydisaccharide chondroitin, is marketed over-the-counter as a treatment for osteoarthritis inflammation and its accompanying pain. Only the D-enantiomer of glucosamine exists in nature.</p>

<p>Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, occurs widely in plants, such as, the fruits of the Sorbus and Crataegus spp.  Commercially it is produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of glucose (Collins, 2006).  Sorbitol is approved as a sugar substitute with the E number 420 and has ‘generally recognized as safe’ status (GRAS) from the US Food and Drug Administration. It is about 60% as sweet as sucrose and is a mild laxative.  Sorbitol has a wide range of other functional properties, including: humectancy, plasticizing ability, non-cariogenicity, and good chemical stability in harsh conditions, such as, alkaline pH and heat. Toothpaste production is the second largest application of sorbitol, accounting for 50,000 tons a year in Western Europe alone.  Other important uses of sorbitol as a humectant, include: formulation of cough syrups, multivitamin preparations, emulsions, and suspensions (O’Neil, 2013).</p>

Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-6-O-triisopropylsilyl-a-D-glucopyranoside is a Custom synthesis that is a complex carbohydrate. It is an Oligosaccharide with a Polysaccharide that is modified by Methylation and Glycosylation. This saccharide has CAS No. 356060-80-5 and can be found in Click modification and Synthetic. Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-6-O-triisopropylsilyl-a-D -glucopyranoside has a high purity and fluorination level.

<p>1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-6-aminobenzoyl-6-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranoside is a fluorinated monosaccharide that is synthesized from 6-deoxyglucose through the glycosylation of 1,2,3,4,-tetraaminobenzoyl chloride. It is a white solid with a molecular weight of 242.1 g/mol and a CAS Number of 368737-85-0. This product has been modified with methylation and click chemistry to give it desired properties for use as an intermediate in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates.</p>

<p>Allyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside is an optical isomer of D-glucose that is used in the synthesis of a number of synthetic trisaccharides, including maltotriose. Allyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside is also a potent antibacterial agent and has been shown to be active against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Allyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside has hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, which makes it soluble in both water and organic solvents. This compound can also form stable complexes with metal cations such as sodium and potassium, making it useful for tissue culture experiments.</p>

A fucan sulphate found in brown marine algae (Phaeophyta-typically Fucus serratus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Pelvitiata canaliculata (illustrated) and Macrocystis pyrifyra) and has been shown to have anticoagulant activity. The main constituents are α-1,4 and α-1,2 linked L-fucose sulphates although galactose also occurs and there are many variations of the basic structure found in different species of Phaeophyta. The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.

<p>L-Rhamnose diethyl mercaptal is an antiperspirant and deodorant that is used in combination with other ingredients to reduce or eliminate body odor. It is a supplement, often found in combinations with other compounds such as neodymium and radium. This compound works by preventing the formation of sweat from the apocrine glands, which reduces underarm wetness and body odor. L-Rhamnose diethyl mercaptal also has antimicrobial properties that help prevent bacterial growth on the skin surface.</p>

Chondroitin disaccharide Δdi-4S disodium salt (α-ΔUA-[1→3]-GalNAc-4S) comprises a sulfated N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and a dehydro glucuronic acid (GlcA) unit by the [1→3] linkage . It can used as a substrate for the identification and characterization of enzymes such as Clostridium perfringens unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase.

<p>Ziyuglycoside II is a steroidal alkaloid that has been shown to have anti-angiogenic properties. It is a natural compound extracted from the Chinese herb ziyuglycoside. This compound has been shown to inhibit the activation of toll-like receptor 4, which plays an important role in inflammation and immunity. Ziyuglycoside II also inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species and autophagy, leading to cell death by apoptosis. This compound has been shown to be effective against bowel disease and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Ziyuglycoside II has also been shown to have matrix effects on the cells Hl-60, which are related to tumor metastasis.</p>

This gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) derivative is a modified cyclic oligosaccharide composed of eight glucose units, featuring a larger cavity size than α- and β-cyclodextrins. This structural characteristic allows γ-CDs to form inclusion complexes with a wider range of guest molecules, making it particularly versatile in various industries. In the food sector, it is used as a carrier and stabilizer for flavors, fat-soluble vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, protecting volatile compounds from evaporation. In pharmaceuticals, it enhances the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and, thanks to its larger ring size, allows for the encapsulation of larger molecules or even entire drug molecules. γ-CDs and derivatives are also used for environmental remediation and, in analytical chemistry, for the extraction and concentration of target substances.

<p>Carboxymethyl cellulose is used in food as a viscosity modifier, thickener, to stabilise emulsions and are found in gluten-free and reduced-fat products. It is also a constituent of toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing, and various paper products.  In laundry detergents, it is used as a soil suspension polymer. It is also used in pharmaceuticals as a thickening agent and in the oil-drilling industry as a viscosity modifier and water-retaining agent.</p>

Fluorination is a process that has been used to synthesize various types of chemical compounds. Fluorination is usually achieved by reacting an organic compound with elemental fluorine gas, or dissolved fluoric acid. Fluorination may also be carried out with silicon tetrachloride, sulfur tetrafluoride, or other fluorinating agents. The term fluorination refers to the substitution of hydrogen atoms in an organic molecule with fluorine atoms. This reaction is most often done on unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, because these are more reactive than others. Monosaccharides are sugar molecules that consist of one sugar unit and two hydroxyl groups (CAS No. 54497-89-1). They are classified as simple sugars because they can be hydrolyzed into their component parts by hydrolysis or oxidation. Polysaccharides are carbohydrates consisting of long chains of monosaccharides (sugar molecules) bonded together by glycosidic linkages

The polysaccharide, known as glucuronoxylomannan - produced by fruit bodies and in pure culture conditions - has been shown to consist of a mannan backbone that is glycosylated with xylan and glucuronic acid chains in a regular repeating structure. Laboratory tests have associated a number of biological activities with Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan, including immunostimulatory, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, and antiallergic effects. The image was kindly provided by Dr. Chris Lawson.

D-Allono-1,5-lactone is a glycoside that has been custom synthesized. It is a high purity product with a variety of modification options. This compound can be used for the synthesis of sugars, Click modification, fluorination, and glycosylation. D-allono-1,5-lactone has CAS No. 894408-50-5 and is classified as an oligosaccharide or sugar. It can also be methylated or modified to create saccharides or complex carbohydrates.

<p>Ziyuglycoside I is a naturally occurring compound that has been shown to have physiological effects on skin cells. It has been found to bind to collagen and the matrix of skin cells, which may be its mechanism of action. Ziyuglycoside I also has an anti-inflammatory effect, which may be due to its ability to inhibit transcription-polymerase chain reactions (PCR). It has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against some strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics such as erythromycin and tetracycline. Ziyuglycoside I has potential applications in the treatment of infectious diseases and inflammatory skin diseases.</p>

Raffinose is the most abundant of the family of oligosaccharides that are α-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose (Collins, 2006). The other main member of the group is the tetrasaccharide stachyose. Raffinose is found in sugar beet molasses and whole grains. Soybean oligosaccharides make up approximately 5% of dry matter in whole beans and up to 8% of dry matter in soybean meal. Together raffinose and stachyose rank second only to sucrose in abundance, as water-soluble carbohydrates (Kumar, 2010).

CO2-philic compound; used in pharmaceuticals and CO2-based processes

<p>The chemical name of the compound is 4-Methoxyphenyl 2-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-a-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,4-di-O-benzyl--6--O--pivaloyl-[a]-D--mannopyranoside. The molecular formula is C47H69NO17. The molecular weight is 838.10 g/mol. This product is a white to off white solid that has no odor and a sweet taste. Compound can be custom synthesized to customer's specification and purity requirements. The CAS number for this compound is 1820574-70-6.</p>