Glycoscience

Pentasaccharide derived from chitin

2,3,4-Tri-O-acetyl-b-L-arabinopyranosyl azide is a custom synthesis that is modified with fluorination, methylation, and monosaccharide. It can be synthesized using click modification and oligosaccharide. This compound is a carbohydrate that has saccharide as its main component. Carbohydrate is the most abundant organic molecule in the human body. Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides made up of many monosaccharides linked together. Polysaccharides are also called glycans or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glycosylation is the process by which sugars are attached to proteins or lipids.

Fucose (Fuc, 6-deoxy L-galactose) has a methyl group at C6 in place of a hydroxyl group and this gives the molecule a greater degree of hydrophobicity than galactose (Collins, 2006). L-fucose is found in fucoidan, a polysaccharide that occurs in the brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) (Percival, 1967). Fucose is also a key component in many mammalian N- and O-linked glycans, glycolipids, blood group substances and Lewis antigens (Becker, 2003). In human milk, neutral (fucosylated) oligosaccharides (HMO) contain fucose at the terminal position (e.g. 2’ -fucosyllactose and lactodifucopentaose). They represent 35% to 50% of the total HMO content and many in vitro studies suggest that HMOs directly modulate immune responses, acting either locally on cells of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues or systemically to inhibit the expression of inflammatory genes, mainly cytokines (Plaza-Diaz, 2018).

Cellotriose is a bifunctional sugar that can be chemically converted to cellobiose and D-cellopentaose. Cellotriose is a component of cellulose, which is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. Cellotriose is a source of chitin, which is a major component of the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans. The molecule has been observed using atomic force microscopy to have an amphiphilic nature, in that it has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Cellotriose has been synthesized in the laboratory for use as an artificial sweetener, but it does not taste as good as sucrose because it lacks the sweetness profile. When heated, cellotriose undergoes a color change from yellow to blue-green due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds with oxygen molecules. This property can be used as a colorimetric test for cellulase activity in solutions.

1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-O-tert.butyldiphenylsilyl-b-D-arabinofuranose is a modified sugar that can be used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It has been custom synthesized and is available in high purity with a CAS number. It is an oligosaccharide that can be methylated or glycosylated. The chemical name for 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-5-O-tert.butyldiphenylsilyl-b-D-arabinofuranose is 5-(1,1'-Biphenylethyl)-3'-hydroxybenzaldehyde O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)ester. This product also has fluorination and saccharide properties.

Sodium carboxymethyl dextran is a white, odourless and tasteless powder, which is freely soluble in water or electrolyte solutions. Applications that have been described for carboxymethyl dextran include carriers of paramagnetic contrast agents, preparation of conjugates of pharmacologically active compounds and carboxymethyl dextrans in biosensors.  A number of other uses in cosmetics, agriculture, foods, paints and textiles have been the subject of patent applications.

Guar gum is obtained from the seed of the legume Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, an annual plant that grows mainly in semi-arid regions of India. The structure of the polysaccharide consists of a main chain of (1,4)-linked β-D-mannopyranosyl units with single α-D-galactopyranosyl units linked (1,6) on average to every second main chain unit. Guar has a high viscosity in aqueous solution, shows marked pseudoplastic behaviour and forms synergistic gels in the presence of other gums such as carrageenan and xanthan gum.

Colchicoside is a natural compound that belongs to the chemical family of phenylpropanoids. It is used in the treatment of gout and pseudogout, and has been shown to be effective against demecolcine-induced hemolytic activity. Colchicoside has also shown to be an analog for other compounds with toxicological studies, such as hydrochloric acid and potassium dichromate. The toxicity studies performed on colchicoside have shown that it can cause damage to cells in culture by inhibiting DNA repair mechanisms.

1-Deoxy-3-O-tert.butyldimethylsilyl -4,5-O-isopropylidene -D-fructose is a glycosylation reagent used to modify the carbohydrate moieties of proteins and other molecules. It reacts with a protein to produce an alpha O-linked glycosylation at the N terminus of the protein. 1DOTBSDF can be prepared by reacting 1,3,5,7-tetraacetylbenzene with methyl methanolate in the presence of butyllithium. The product is purified by crystallization from hexane and diethylether and has a melting point range of 114°C – 117°C. This compound has been reported in the literature as being used for Click modification reactions that have been reported to have improved yields in comparison to other methods.

1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-benzyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside is a custom synthesis that is a complex carbohydrate. It has a CAS number of 210358-01-3 and a molecular weight of 603. It is modified with saccharide, methylation, glycosylation, and carbonyl groups. This product is available in high purity and without fluorination or synthetic modification.

Produced from high maltose syrup by treatment with transglucosidase

2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol is a glucose analogue that is metabolized by the body to produce energy. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells in vitro, and also inhibits glucose uptake and utilization in liver cells. 2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol has been shown to have a direct effect on cellular metabolism and ATP levels. This molecule interacts with cell surface glycoproteins and nitrous oxide (NO) through hydrogen bonding interactions. 2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol also appears to regulate peptide hormone production in the liver. The hydroxyl group on this molecule is responsible for its redox potential. In addition, 2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol can induce cell lysis by interfering with protein synthesis due to its enzyme activities.