Antibióticos naturales y semisintéticos

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 4a-Hydroxy Ivermectin is an impurity of Ivermectin (I940800), an antiparasitic drug that is active against a wide variety of nematode and arthropod parasites and is used to treat scabies and lice in humans. An invitro inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2/ Covid-19.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Campbell, W., et al.: Science, 221, 823 (1983); Glaziou, P., et al.: Trop. Med. Parasitol., 45, 253 (1994); Meinking, T., et al.: New Engl. J. Med., 333, 26 (1995); Caly, L., et al.: Antivir. Res., 178<br></p>

<p>Applications Linezolid N-Oxide-D3 is a labelled analogue of Linezolid N-oxide (L466530). Linezolid N-oxide is a derivative of Linezolid (L466500), an oxazolidinone antimicrobial that is used to treat infections against gram-positive bacteria, especially those that are drug-resistant (such as Vancomycin [HCl: V096500] resistant enterococci). Linezolid works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.<br>References Dennis, L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002); Clemett, D. &amp; Markham, A.: Drugs, 59, 815 (2000); Gonzales, R., et al.: Lancet, 357, 1179 (2001); Tsiodras, S., et al.: Lancet, 358, 207 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Applications Isotope labelled Ivermectin, is the labeled analogue of Ivermectin (I940800), which is a semi-synthetic derivative of Abamectin; consists of a mixture of not less than 80% component B1a and not more than 20% component B1b. Antihelmintic (Onchocerca). An invitro inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2/ Covid-19.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Chabala, J.C., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 23, 1134 (1980), Campbell, W.C., et al.: Science, 221, 823 (1983), Bennett, J.L., et al.: Parasitol. Today, 4, 226 (1988), Plaisier, A.P., et al.: J. Infect. Dis., 172, 204 (1995), ; Caly, L., et al.: Antivir. Res., 178<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Cefixime EP Impurity B Acetic Acid Salt is an impurity of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, Cefixime (C242800).<br>References Bian, L. et al.: Yao. Fen. Zaz., 30, 872 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications Fumagillol is an analog of Fumagillin (F862650), a compound isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Fumagillin is an antimicrobial agent used in the treatment of microsporidiosis. Fumagillin shows promise as both an an anti-infective and antiangiogenic agent.<br>References Molina, J.M. et al.: N. Eng. J. Med., 346, 1963 (2002); Hou, L. et al.: Pathol. Int., 59, 448 (2009); Ingber, D. et al.: Nature, 348, 555 (1990);<br></p>

<p>Applications Cefodizime is a third generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Cefodizime maybe useful in the treatment of otitis media, sinusitis and gynaecological infections, and for the prophylaxis or treatment of surgical infections.<br>References Barradel, L.B. et al.: Drugs, 44, 800 (1992); Kasai, K. et al.: Jap. J. Antibiot., 37, 1306 (1984);<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive<br>Applications N-Formyl-3-mercaptovaline acts as a reagent in the preparation of derivatives of D-penicillamine as potential antiarthritic agents.<br>References Reich, M. F., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 4, 1167 (1994)<br></p>

<p>Applications Erythromycin Ethyl Succinate is a derivative of Erythromycin (E649950), an antibiotic.<br>References Koch, W.L., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 157 (1979); Serisier, D. et al.: J. Am. Med. Assoc., 309, 1206 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Impurity USP Azithromycin Related Impurity H /Azithromycin EP Impurity H<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 3'-N-[[4-(acetylamino)phenyl]sulfonyl]-3'-N-demethyl Azithromycin is an impurity of Azithromycin (A927000).<br>References Debremaeker, D. et al.: Rap. Comm. Mass. Spec., 17, 342 (2003);<br></p>

<p>Applications Amoxicillin is an antibiotic used in the treatment of various bacterial infections.<br></p>

<p>Applications Retapamulin is an antibacterial agent used as a substitute for the more commonly known Penicillin (P223505).<br>References Goldenthal, E.I., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 18, 185 (1971), Dunham, J.M., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 1, 249 (1972),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications D-Penicillamine Disulfide is used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Motor Neuron Disease. Inactivator of α1-antiproteinase, preventing deleterious effects of peroxynitrite.<br>References Peters, L. et al.: Xenobio., 25, 1013 (1994); Whiteman, M. et al.: Annals. Rheum. Dis., 55, 383 (1996);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Semisynthetic antibiotic. Antibacerial (tuberculostatic).<br>References Furesz, et al.: Antibiot. Chemother., 16, 316 (1970), Gallo, G.G., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 5, 467 (1976),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A labelled metabolite of Lovastatin.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Doxycycline Related Compound A<br>Stability Hygroscopic, Light Sensitive, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications 6-Epi Doxycycline is an antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial and certain parasitic infections. Doxycycline Related Compound A<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Jutglar, M., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 159, 60 (2018); Metsemakers, W., et al.: J. Control. Release, 209, 47 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Rifampicin, a Rifamycin antibiotic.<br>References Assandri, A., et al.: J. Antibiot., 37, 1066 (1984), Utkin, I., et al.: Drug. Metab. Dispos., 25, 963 (1997), Weber, A., et al.: Biopharm. Drug. Dispos., 22(4), 157 (2001), Marek, C., et al.: Biochem. J., 387, 601 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Mutilin, is used to perform biological studies with focus on antimicrobial activity. This complex is also a reagent in the production of pleuromutilin derivatives.<br>References Helmut, E., et al.: J. Antibiot., 29, 923 (1976)<br></p>

<p>Applications (9E)-Erythromycin A Oxime is a metabolite of Roxithromycin (R700850) in humans. It has anti-Helicobacter pylori activity<br>References Nam, G. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 16, 569 (2006); Zhong, D. et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 28, 552 (2000); Yamazaki, H. et al.: Drug. Metab. Dispos., 26, 1053 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Applications It is an antifungal drug. It is used both in animal and in humans, to treat rigworm infections of the skin and nails. It is derived from the mold Penicillium griseofulvum.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br>References Oxford, et al.: Biochem. J., 33, 240 (1939), Townley, E.R., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 8, 219 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Clavulanic Acid(RX-10100), a major beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the organism Streptomyces claveris, is a potent bacterial beta-lactamase inhibitor used in</p>

<p>Roxithromycin impurity K is a custom synthesis that is used as a research and development tool. It is not intended for use in drug products. Roxithromycin impurity K has been shown to have effects similar to those of roxithromycin, but with different metabolic pathways and properties. Roxithromycin impurity K has been shown to be metabolized through the cytochrome P450 system, which may result in the production of metabolites that are more potent than roxithromycin itself.</p>

<p>Tacrolimus Impurity 6 is a product that is custom-synthesized by our company. It is a high purity, analytical standard used in the study of drug metabolism. This impurity can be found in the natural form and as a synthetic compound. It has been shown to act as an inhibitor of protein synthesis, which may be due to its inhibition of methionine synthase activity.</p>

<p>3-N-didesmethyl-3-N-tosyl azithromycin is an impurity of azithromycin. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in methanol and acetone, but insoluble in water. 3-N-didesmethylazithromycin has been shown to be a metabolite of azithromycin, which can be found as an impurity in the drug product.</p>

<p>N-(((5S)-3-(4-(4-Morpholinyl)phenyl)-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl)methyl) acetamide is an impurity of the antibiotic linezolid. It is a contaminant that can be found in urine and blood samples. N-(((5S)-3-(4-(4-Morpholinyl)phenyl)-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl)methyl) acetamide has been shown to be amyloidogenic, meaning it can form plaques in the brain and lead to Alzheimer's disease.</p>

<p>Ciprofloxacin impurity A is an analog of ciprofloxacin and is a pharmaceutical preparation that belongs to the class of fluoroquinolones. It has been shown to be active against P. aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria in wastewater treatment systems. Ciprofloxacin impurity A is activated by ethylene diamine and can be eluted with acidic solvents. It also inhibits tumor cell line growth through adsorption mechanism and is used as a drug for cancer chemoprevention in combination with malic acid.</p>

<p>Cefadroxil is a cephalosporin antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections. Cefadroxil is metabolized into cefadroxil dimer, an impurity found in the drug product. The impurity standard for cefadroxil dimer was developed by HPLC and has been tested for use as a reference material and can be used in metabolism studies. This impurity standard has been shown to have a purity of 98%.</p>

<p>Roxithromycin impurity E is a metabolite of roxithromycin. It is a yellow powder with a melting point of about 130°C and a molecular weight of 226.14g/mol. Roxithromycin impurity E has been shown to be an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, as well as an inducer of CYP1A2. This impurity can be used for the research and development of roxithromycin, as well as production of analytical standards for HPLC analysis.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Amikacin EP impurity G including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Micafungin impurity B is a natural metabolite of micafungin. It is a synthetic impurity standard used in HPLC analysis. Micafungin impurity B has been shown to be the primary metabolite of micafungin in humans and is excreted in the urine and feces. Metabolism studies have shown that it may be formed by oxidation of the hydroxyl group at position C-3 or by hydrolysis of the amide bond between carbons C-4 and C-5.</p>

<p>Caspofungin impurity C is a high-purity, chromatographically pure, caspofungin impurity. It was isolated by chromatography and was found to have a retention time of 12.5 minutes on the chromatogram. The impurity is thought to be an organic compound with a molecular weight of 437.2 and may be due to the presence of an acetyl group or hydroxyl group.</p>

<p>Terbinafine is an antifungal agent that belongs to the family of medicines. It is used to treat fungal infections of the skin, nails and scalp. Terbinafine can also be used to treat other types of fungal infections, such as tinea corporis (ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea pedis (athlete's foot) and tinea capitis (scalp ringworm). Terbinafine dimer impurity dihydrochloride is a by-product of terbinafine hydrochloride that has been shown to have industrial applications as a dispersant or lubricant in industries such as papermaking.</p>

<p>Erythromycin impurity N is a natural metabolite of erythromycin. It is a metabolite of erythromycin that has been identified in the metabolism studies of this drug product. Erythromycin impurity N is an analytical standard for use in pharmaceutical research and development, as well as in the pharmacopoeia. The CAS number for this compound is 527-56-8.</p>

<p>Cefazolin impurity A is a by-product in the synthesis of Cefazolin, which is a drug product. It has CAS No. 30246-33-4 and is used as an impurity standard for analytical purposes. The Impurity Standard is also known as Metabolite A. Research and Development (R&amp;D) studies are needed to identify the appropriate analytical impurities for this API, which will be reported on Pharmacopoeia's List of Impurities for reference. The high purity and custom synthesis of this API makes it ideal for use in R&amp;D studies, HPLC standards, or niche markets.<br>CAS No.: 30246-33-4<br>Synonyms: Metabolite A<br>Formula: C11H14N2O5S <br>Molecular weight: 289.24 g/mol <br>Appearance: white solid powder</p>

<p>N-tert-butyl-N-(((S)-3-(3-fluoro-4-morpholinophenyl)-2-oxooxazolidin-5-yl)methyl)acetamide (CAS 1215006-11, API impurity) is a synthetic compound from the drug development process. This impurity has been identified in the natural product and is not an active ingredient. It is found as a Metabolite in the pharmacopoeia and analytical methods. This substance is used for research and development of drugs, such as for standardizing HPLC.</p>

<p>3-(3-Fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolidin-2-one is a synthetic compound with research and development, impurity standard, custom synthesis, drug product, synthetic, high purity and pharmacopoeia applications. It is an impurity standard for the production of 3-[3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolidin-2-one hydrochloride (CAS No. 513068-96-7). This compound has been synthesized in order to study the metabolism of this metabolite. Metabolism studies have indicated that 3-(3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolidin-2 one is rapidly metabolized to form 3-[3-[(1S)-1,2,2</p>

<p>9-Oxo azithromycin B is a metabolite of azithromycin. It is an analytical standard for the HPLC analysis of azithromycin and its metabolites. 9-Oxo azithromycin B has been shown to bind to the ribosomes of bacteria, and inhibit protein synthesis. This drug also has antibiotic activity against Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 9-Oxo azithromycin B can be used in niche research or as an API impurity.br&gt;<br>br&gt;<br>br&gt;</p>

<p>3-(4-(4-Morpholinyl)phenyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolidin-2-one is an impurity in the drug development process. It is used as a standard for HPLC testing and a synthetic intermediate. It has been shown to have niche use in the pharmaceutical industry. 3-(4-(4-Morpholinyl)phenyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolidin-2-one has been found to be metabolized through oxidation and reduction reactions, leading to the formation of metabolites such as 2,6-dihydroxypyridine (DHP). Further metabolism studies are required for this substance.</p>

<p>N-((-3-(3-Fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl)methyl) acetamide is a custom synthesis, drug product, niche, Metabolite, Drug Development, CAS No. 224323-50-6. It is a natural compound and has pharmacopoeia and API impurity. It is an analytical standard for HPLC and research and development. It is a high purity synthetic with impurity standard.</p>

<p>Aztreonam impurity D is a metabolite of aztreonam. Aztreonam impurity D is an impurity standard for the pharmacopoeia and API industry, as well as for drug development and research. It has been shown that this compound inhibits bacterial growth by binding to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby preventing transcription and replication. The high frequency of human activity has been shown using a patch-clamp technique on human erythrocytes. This active form is metabolized through a number of metabolic transformations, including hydrolysis by esterases or glucuronidases, oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes, reduction by glutathione reductase, or conjugation with glucuronic acid. Aztreonam impurity D also specifically binds to markers expressed at high levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (e.g., ESX-1 secretion system protein) and inhibits cell growth in culture.</p>

<p>Amikacin EP Impurity A is a metabolite of amikacin. It is a white crystalline substance with a molecular weight of 269.5. Amikacin EP Impurity A is found in the urine and bile of individuals who have been administered amikacin. It has been shown to be pharmacologically active, inhibiting bacterial growth by binding to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby preventing transcription and replication.</p>

<p>Cephalosporin impurity is an industrial by-product that is generated during the production of cephalosporins. It is a white powder that has no known toxicological effects. Cephalosporin impurity can be used as a supplement in inoculated soil to increase the yield of cephalosporium, which is a fungus that produces cephalosporins.</p>

<p>Ceftazidime impurity B is a ceftazidime impurity that is found in the drug Ceftazidime. Ceftazidime is an antibiotic that belongs to the group of cephalosporin antibiotics and inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Ceftazidime impurity B has been shown to be toxic to gram-positive bacteria, such as Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus, but not to gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. In addition, it has been shown to have no effect on the IL-2 receptor of T cells or the binding of penicillin-binding protein. It has also been shown to be safe for injection into mice and rats in toxicity studies.</p>

<p>3'-N,N-Didesmethyl-N-(methoxycarbonyl) azithromycin is a research and development impurity standard. It is synthesized by reacting 3-desacetylazithromycin with methoxycarbonyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. This product has been tested for purity by HPLC. CAS No. 16892-65-2</p>

<p>CAS No. 37450-78-5, drug product, Custom synthesis, High purity, analytical, Metabolism studies, Natural, Drug development, pharmacopoeia, Metabolite, niche, Synthetic</p>

<p>This product is a metabolite of the drug product and impurity standard. It has been synthesized as a custom synthesis to meet the needs of research and development, pharmacopoeia, or natural products. This compound is an API impurity that has been characterized by HPLC. The purity of this product is high, with a minimum purity of 98%.</p>

<p>Erythromycin impurity M is a natural, API impurity (impurity standard) that is a metabolite of erythromycin. It has been synthesized as a high purity HPLC standard to meet the requirements of pharmacopoeia and drug development. Erythromycin impurity M is an analytical reference material with CAS number 528-73-2.</p>

<p>(R)-3-(3-Fluoro-4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl)methyl methansulfonate is a Custom synthesis, drug product, Metabolite, Synthetic, Drug development, Impurity standard, Metabolism studies, API impurity, Natural, pharmacopoeia, analytical and HPLC standard. It is CAS No. 174649-09-3.</p>

<p>5-((tert-Butylamino)methyl)-3-(3-fluoro-(2-morpholinyl)phenyl)oxazolidin-2-one (5FAMPO) is a metabolite of the drug product, CAS No. 109467-92-6, and has been synthesized for use as an analytical reference standard and impurity standard in drug development studies. 5FAMPO is a synthetic molecule that has not been found in nature, but is structurally similar to natural molecules. 5FAMPO is metabolized by CYP450 enzymes to produce 2-(tert-butylamino)-4'-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA), which can be quantified by HPLC analysis. 5FAMPO is also used as a research and development compound and pharmacopoeia impurity standard.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Minocycline EP Impurity H including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>2H,5H-Pyrano[4,3-b]pyranyl mupirocin sodium impurity is an impurity standard that has been custom synthesized for research and development purposes. It has a CAS number of 116182-44-6, which is the same as the parent compound. 2H,5H-Pyrano[4,3-b]pyranyl mupirocin sodium impurity is a metabolite of Mupirocin Sodium (CAS No. 99765-92-8). This impurity has been used in pharmacopoeia drug development and for analytical studies such as HPLC.</p>

<p>Cefdinir impurity E is a research and development, impurity standard, custom synthesis, drug product, synthetic, high purity, pharmacopoeia, drug development and analytical standard. CAS No. 946573-41-7 is the metabolite of cefdinir. It is used to study metabolism of cefdinir in vitro and in vivo. HPLC standards are available for this compound.</p>

<p>(S)-5-((tert-Butylamino)methyl)-3-(3-fluoro-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)oxazolidin-2-one is a drug product with CAS No. 1215006-08-8, which is a metabolite of Fluoxetine. It is an impurity standard for Fluoxetine and has been used as a reference compound in metabolism studies. (S)-5-((tert-Butylamino)methyl)-3-(3-fluoro-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)oxazolidin-2-one is also an analytical reagent that can be used to calibrate HPLC systems.</p>

<p>Desethylene ciprofloxacin hydrochloride is a metabolite of ciprofloxacin that is converted to the active form of the drug. Desethylene ciprofloxacin hydrochloride has a concentration-response relationship, which can be used for in vitro testing of pharmaceutical preparations. The chromatographic evaluation of this metabolite can be used to identify the presence of antibiotics in environmental samples. Desethylene ciprofloxacin hydrochloride is also a substrate for carbonyl reductase and piperazine, which are enzymes that produce an activated form of the metabolite.</p>

<p>Tacrolimus is a macrolide antibiotic that binds to the calcineurin receptor and inhibits the production of cytokines. It is used to treat certain types of autoimmunity and hyperproliferation in patients with cancer, organ transplant recipients, and those who have undergone radiation therapy. The drug is available in two forms: tacrolimus (the natural form) and desmethyl tacrolimus (a metabolite). Desmethyl tacrolimus is produced by microbial transformation, which converts the natural form into a more water-soluble derivative. This conversion can be prevented by adding additives such as proton pump inhibitors or pde5 inhibitors. Symptoms of tacrolimus include hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, fever, skin rash, diarrhea, and anemia. Tacrolimus has been shown to inhibit the activity of fk506-binding proteins in vitro and in vivo through competitive inhibition.</p>

<p>N-(((5R)-3-(3-Fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl)methyl)acetamide (LFMAPO) is an antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the active site of bacterial DNA gyrase. LFMAPO has a molecular weight of 552.2 Da and a log P value of 2.6. It was synthesized from acetamide, 3-fluoroaniline, and 4-(4-morpholinyl)benzaldehyde in 60% yield using techniques such as millimolar stoichiometry, electrophoresis method, binding constants, and molecular modeling study. The drug also has chiral properties with two stereocenters at carbons C1 and C5 that have been shown to be important for the activity of this compound against Gram positive bacteria.</p>

<p>(R)-3-(3-Fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolidin-2-one (FPH) is a synthetic drug product that is used as an impurity standard in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. It is also used in metabolism studies and research and development. FPH has been shown to be a metabolite of the drug product, 3-(3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolidin-2-one, which is classified as an API impurity for pharmacopoeia purposes. FPH has a molecular formula of C11H14FO2N2O and a molecular weight of 222.26 g/mol. The CAS number for FPH is 168828-82-8.</p>

<p>Clarithromycin EP Impurity K is an impurity standard for Clarithromycin in the form of a crystalline white powder. It is a synthetic compound which has been used as a drug product and as an analytical standard. This compound can be synthesized from erythromycin A, but it is not active against bacteria. Clarithromycin EP Impurity K has been shown to have metabolite properties in animals and humans, including metabolism studies with HPLC standards.</p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Temperature Sensitive<br>Applications Amoxicillin trimer Trisodium Salt, is an impurity of Amoxicillin (A634235), a β-lactam family antibiotic that is commonly used in conjunction with clavulanic acid (C56370) to the treat bacterial infections.<br>References Gurwith, M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Ch., 24, 716 (1983); Kumar, A., et al.: J. Mater. Chem., 20, 10152 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications 8-Epitacrolimus is a new l-pipecolic acid macrolide lactone, an important immunosuppressive drug that blocks T cell proliferation in vitro by inhibiting the generation of several lymphokines, especially IL-2. 8-Epitacrolimus is also an Epimer of Tacrolimus (F370000).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Skytte, D.M., et al.: J. Nat. Prod.,73, 776 (2010); Rokaw, M.D., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 271, C194 (1996); Knoll, G.A., and Bell, R.C.: Brit. Med. J., 318, 1104 (1999);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-[4-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]phenol is a key intermediate in the synthesis of triazole medicines, such as itraconazole (I937500), which are used in curing deep department fungal infections. Inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation.<br>References Ke, C. et al.: Adv. Nat. Sci., 2, 26 (2009); Shi, W. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 54, 7363 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications FR 179642 is an impurity of Micafungin (M342350), a lipopeptide compound that acts as an antifungal agent with activity against Aspergillus and Candida species.<br>References Denning, D., et al.: J. Infection, 53, 337 (2006); Queiroz-Telles, F., et al.: Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 27, 820 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Desacetyl-N,O-descarbonyl Linezolid is an impurity of Linezolid (L466500); an oxazolidinone antimicrobial that inhibits bacterial mRNA translation.<br>References Brickner, S.J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 39, 673 (1996); Ford, C.W., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1508 (1996); Rybak, M.J., et al.: Pharmacotherapy, 18, 456 (1998); Stevens, D.L., et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis., 34, 1481 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Cyclopropyl-8-ethoxy-6,7-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester is used in the preparation of alkoxyquinolone antibacterial agents. Also an impurity in the synthesis of Moxifloxacin (M745000), a fluorinated quinolone antibacterial.<br>References Sanchez, J. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 38, 4478 (1995); Woodcock, J.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 41, 101 (1997), Stass, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 42, 2060 (1998)<br></p>

<p>Chloramphenicol stearate is an antibiotic useful for the therapy of numbers of bacterial infections. This includes an eye ointment to treat conjunctivitis.</p>

<p>Caspofungin impurity A is an impurity found in caspofungin, a drug used to treat fungal infections. Caspofungin impurity A has been shown to inhibit bacterial growth and is thought to be responsible for the bactericidal activity of caspofungin.</p>

<p>Chloramphenicol palmitate is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against various bacteria and used for bacterial selection in gene studies.</p>

<p>L-(+)-Ampicillin is an isomer of Ampicillin. Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic used for treating bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Ceftezole: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, anti-diabetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic for gram-positive/negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Ethyl (Z)-[2-amino-4-thiazolyl](methoxyimino)acetate is used in the preparation of ceftriaxone-d3 (C245002), which is a labelled antibacterial.<br>References Reiner, R., et al.: J. Antibiot., 33, 783 (1980)<br></p>

<p>Applications Produced concentration-related relaxations of mouse anococcygeus, in a range similar to that already found for NO and other nitrovasodilators. A potent relaxant of non-vascular smooth muscle. Serves as an NO donor.<br>References Bauer &amp; Fung: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 256, 249 (1991), Gibson, A., et al.: Brit. J. Pharm., 107, 715 (1992), Shaffer, et al.: J. Pharm. Exper. Ther., 260, 286 (1992), Jansen, A., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 261, 154 (1992), Lander, H.M. et al.: J. Immunol., 150, 1509 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Applications E-Ceftazidime is an impurity of Ceftazidime Pentahydrate (C244100); which is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic.<br>References Brodie, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 17, 876 (1980); Richards, D.M., et al.: Drugs, 29, 105 (1985); Abounassif, M.A., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 19, 95 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Applications Lovastatin-d9, is the labeled analogue of Lovastatin (L472225), an antihypercholesterolemic agent. A fungal metabolite, which is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase.<br>References Bilheimer, D.W., et al.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 4124 (1983),<br></p>

<p>Applications Bis-clindamycinyl Phosphate is an impurity of Clindamycin (C580000), which is an antibiotic prepared from Lincomycin (L466200), used to treat various infections.<br>References Birkenmeyer, R.D., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 13, 616 (1970); Oesterling, et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 59, 63 (1970); Gray, J.E., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 21, 516 (1972); Brown, L.W., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 10, 75 (1981);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Amoxicillin EP Impurity J<br>Applications Amoxicillin Dimer Sodium Salt is an impurity of Amoxicillin (A634235), a β-lactam family antibiotic that is commonly used in conjunction with clavulanic acid (C56370) to the treat bacterial infections.<br>References Gurwith, M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Ch., 24, 716 (1983); Kumar, A., et al.: J. Mater. Chem., 20, 10152 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Terbinafine EP Impurity D; Terbinafine USP Related Compound D; Terbinafine BP Impurity D<br>Applications N-[(2E)-6,6-dimethyl-2-hepten-4-yn-1-yl]-N,4-dimethyl-1-naphthalenemethanamine (Terbinafine EP Impurity D; Terbinafine USP Related Compound D; Terbinafine BP Impurity D) is an impurity of Terbinafine (T107500), an orally active, antimycotic allylamine and a specific inhibitor of squalene epoxidase.<br>References Petranyi, G., et al.: Science, 224, 1239 (1984); Ryder, N.S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 27, 252 (1985); Evans, E.G.V., et al.: Br. Med. J., 318, 1031 (1999);<br></p>

<p>Applications Cefmetazole Lactone is an impurity of cefmetazole (C242850), which is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derived from Cephamycin. Antibacterial.<br>References Nakao, H., et al.: J. Antibiot., 29, 554 (1976), Iwata, M., et al.: Jpn. J. Exp. Med., 48, 401 (1978), Shindo, H., et al.: Chemoterapy, 27, 64 (1979), Nishida, M., et al.: J. Antibiot., 32, 1319 (1979),<br></p>

<p>Applications Imipenem intermediate.<br></p>

<p>Applications Linezolid Dimer is an impurity of the antibacterial agent Linezolid (L466500).<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Kanamycin (K137500) derivative as synthetic byproduct of Amikacin (A578500).<br>References Kawaguchi, H., et al.: J. Antibiotics, 25, 695 (1972), Naito, T., et al.: J. Antibiotics, 26, 297 (1973),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Flucloxacillin EP Impurity D<br>Applications 3-(2-Chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxylic Acid (Flucloxacillin EP Impurity D) is an impurity of Flucloxacillin (F419200), a new semisynthetic penicillin with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.<br>References Macsari, I., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 3871 (2011); Cui, Y., et al.: Curr. Sci., 89, 531 (2005);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Methyl-2,5-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrazine is a degradation product of Clavulanic Acid (C563750), a β-lactamase inhibitor, typically added to amoxicillin to increase its effectiveness.<br>References Reading, C. and Cole, M.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 11, 852 (1977), Ball, A.P., et al.: Lancet, 1, 620 (1980), Brogden, R.N., et al. Drugs, 22, 337 (1981); Haginaka, J. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 33, 218 (1985);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(2-Fluoro-4-nitrophenyl)morpholine is a reactant in the synthesis of 5-​substituted oxazolidinone derivatives with high antimicrobial activity.<br>References De Rosa, M., et. al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 69, 779 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Tacrolimus Methylacryl Aldehyde (USP)<br>Applications Tacrolimus Methyl Acryl Aldehyde is the degradation product of Tacrolimus (F370000), a novel macrocyclic lactone isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis, having immunosuppressant activity.<br>References Asano, K., et al.: In Vivo, 10, 537 (1996), McCall, E., et al.: Circ. Res., 79, 1110 (1996), Raufman, J.P., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 271, 19877 (1996), Rokaw, M.D., et al.: Am. J. Physiol., 271, C194 (1996), Knoll, G.A., and Bell, R.C.: Brit. Med. J., 318, 1104 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(5-Mercaptotetrazole-1-yl)ethanolis a mercaptotetrazole derivative used as an intermediate in the preparation of beta-lactam antibiotic Flomoxef (F401850) as well one of its metabolite. 2-(5-Mercaptotetrazole-1-yl)ethanol also shows vitamin K-dependent glutamylcarboxylase inhibitory activity.<br>References Oka, T. et al.: Jap. J. Pharmacol., 46, 165 (1988); Konaka, R. et al.: Chemotherapy, 35, 137 (1987);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,3,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzoic Acid is used in the synthesis of diterpenoid analogs as antitumor compounds. Also used in the synthesis of novel quinoline lactones.<br>References Li, D. et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 64, 215 (2013); Zheng, H. et al.: Lett. Org. Chem., 10, 252 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications (6R,7S)-Cefoperazone Sodium Salt is the enantiomer of Cefoperazone (C242900) as an impurity.<br>References Fabre, H., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 73, 611 (1984), Strasters, J., et al.: Anal. Chem., 63, 2503 (1991), Chen, Z., et al.: World Notes Antibiot., 25, 249 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications Amoxicillin sodium (Amox) (cas# 34642-77-8) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Protected Penicillamin.<br>References Klingstroem, J., et al.: Eur. J. Immunol., 36, 2649 (2006), Atyabi, F., et al.: J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 9, 4593 (2009), Yip, K., et al.: Brit. J. Pharmacol., 156, 1279 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Temperature Sensitive, Very Unstable<br>Applications Thienamycin is one of the most potent naturally produced antibiotics known thus far. It has excellent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is resistant to bacterial β-lactamase enzymes.<br>References Kahan, J., et al.: J. Antibiot., 32, 1 (1979); Bradley, J., et al.: Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 11, 93 (1999); Spratt, B., et al.: Antimcrob. Agents Chemother., 12, 406 (1977);<br></p>

<p>Impurity Lovastatin EP Impurity D<br>Applications Lovastatin Dimer (Lovastatin EP Impurity D) is an impurity in Lovastatin (L472225) bulk drug.<br>References Houck, A., et al.: Talanta, 40, 491 (1993),<br></p>