Dérivés d'acides aminés

Gluten Exorphin C, isolated from the pepsin-trypsin-chymotrypsin digest of wheat gluten, was considered as a δ-opioid receptor-selective ligand. The hydrophobicity of Ile³ seems to be important for the expression of the opioid activity of gluten exorphin C. Moreover, this peptide appears to be quite different from any of the endogenous and exogenous opioid peptides ever reported as the N-terminal Tyr is the only aromatic amino acid in the structure.

The oxytocin antagonist OVTA shows enhanced affinity for rat uterine oxytocin receptors after iodination.

γ₁-MSH has been located in the cryptic region of the ACTH/β-lipotropin precursor protein from the intermediate lobe of bovine pituitary.

CPP for gene delivery.

Antagonist of human MC1, MC3 and MC4 receptors.

Specific chromogenic substrate for cathepsin H.

A good substrate for carboxypeptidase Y, the Streptomyces griseus carboxypeptidase, and the membrane-associated carboxypeptidase ysc-lambda.

N-terminal amino acid of expressed proteins. The formyl moiety is removed enzymatically.

Substrate for chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase Y.

Specific inhibitor of thimet oligopeptidase (soluble metalloendopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.15) (Ki = 0.027 ± 0.003 µM). Neprilysin (Endopeptidase-2, EC 3.4.24.11) converts Cpp-AAF-pAb into a potent inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

<p>Bachem ID: 4003763.</p>

Ghrelin, a peptide hormone produced by the stomach oxyntic cells plays a crucial role in appetite regulation. It binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), which stimulates the release of GH. Ghrelin, which promotes food uptake and body weight increase, acts as an antagonist of leptin. Thus, it has become an important tool in obesity research. Additionally, ghrelin is involved in the bone metabolism, in reproduction, and in the immune system.

The chromogenic substrate Z-GGL-pNA is used alone or in combination with other substrates as Suc-LLVY-AMC for measuring the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome. Z-GGL-pNA is also cleaved by proteinase yscE (kexin), subtilisins, and neutral endopeptidase 24.5.

Cyclo(His-Pro), a diketopiperazine showing various biological effects in the CNS, as well as endocrine effects, has been isolated from several mammalian tissues. In some cases, it has been identified as a degradation product of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). In the presence of zinc ions, cyclo(His-Pro) showed hypoglycemic effects and induced body weight reduction in rats.

Desmopressin (DDAVP), as the first vasopressin analog with a very high and very specific antidiuretic effect, has been widely used for different therapeutic purposes. DDAVP also improves human learning and memory processes. CAS Number (desmopressin acetate): 62288-83-9.

The prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) substrate Z-AP-pNA was used in combination with Z-GP-pNA and Z-AA-pNA for characterizing the prolyl oligopeptide of of the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus.

<p>Bachem ID: 4096175.</p>

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) inhibits HIV replication in CD4⁺ H9 lymphocytes..

Caloxin 2A1 is a selective extracellular inhibitor of the plasma membrane Ca²⁺-pump.

AFP-pNA, substrate for prolyl tripeptidyl aminopeptidases from the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella nigrescens.

<p>Bachem ID: 4003545.</p>

Diacetyl-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (DALAA) is a substrate for penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases (DD-carboxypeptidases).

Substrate for human plasma carboxypeptidase N and membrane-bound carboxypeptidase D.

Tetraproline. PPPP was used as an internal standard in the quantitative determination of the antihypertensive (ACE-inhibiting) peptides IPP and VPP in cheese by HPLC-MS³.

Deltorphin B, a selective δ-opioid receptor agonist isolated from the skin of Phyllomedusa bicolor.

The pentapeptide TRSAW, a highly conserved sequence within the pTH-related protein, is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro (EC₅₀ = 10⁻¹⁵ M).

DL-APNE (or NAPNE), a chromogenic substrate for chymotrypsin and microbial serine proteases, e.g. subtilisin. It is also hydrolyzed by cathepsin G. NAPNE was used by Yakoby and Raskin to determine the inhibitory activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin.

<p>Bachem ID: 4096166.</p>

Impurity of tetracosactide, which is a synthetic peptide analog of the human adrenocorticotropic hormone that stimulates the production of cortisol.

Leu-OMe (LME) causes lysosomal disruption and death of human monocytes (M phi). In addition, LME removed natural killer cell (NK) activity from human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBM). During incubation of human lymphocytes with Leu-OMe, the dipeptide Leu-Leu-OMe which is responsible for the NK-toxicity, is formed.

Chemotactic peptide antagonist.

Ac-RGK(Ac)-AMC, fluorogenic substrate for assaying histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in a two-step enzymatic reaction. The assay consists of the initial lysine deacetylation by HDAC followed by the release of the fluorescent group by trypsin.

Substrate for aminopeptidase B (arginine aminopeptidase) and cathepsin H.

Chromogenic substrate for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II (DPPII), also cleaved by a dipeptidyl peptidase V (DPP V) from Aspergillus fumigatus.

Chimeric rabies virus glycoprotein fragment peptide (RVG-9R peptide) was able to bind and transduce siRNA to neuronal cells in vitro, resulting in efficient gene silencing. Repeated administration of RVG-9R-bound siRNA did not induce inflammatory cytokines nor anti-peptide antibodies.

Substrate for urokinase.

Ac-WEHD-CHO, a very potent reversible inhibitor of caspase-1 (ICE). It bears the optimal tetrapeptide recognition motif for this enzyme. With a Ki of 56 pM it belongs to the most potent reversible, peptide-based inhibitors described for any protease. For caspase-8 a Ki of 21.1 nM has been reported.

This enzyme substrate was used to test the concept of substrate-assisted catalysis with an engineered bacterial serine endopeptidase, subtilisin. Suc-FAAF-pNA has been employed for assaying subtilisins from psychrophilic bacteria and myroilysin, a metalloproteinase from the deep sea bacterium Myroides profundi.

ACTH (1–14) is a fragment of the ACTH hormone, which stimulates the adrenal cortex and the secretion of glucocorticoids such as cortisol. ACTH (1–14) is an agonist of the melanocortin-1 and 3 receptor (K1 = 0.836 ± 0.33 and 48,3 ± 9,0 nmol/L respectively).

Competitive inhibitor of acyl peptide hydrolase.

Short-term administration of deslorelin stimulates the formation of LH and FSH, which induce an increase in the production of testosterone and estradiol. Prolonged administration of the GnRH agonist causes a sustained down-regulation of circulating LH and FSH levels and hence suppression of steroidogenesis.

Suc-LLVY-pNA, chromogenic substrate analog to the proteasome substrate Suc-LLVY-AMC.

Substrate for leucine aminopeptidase.

<p>Bachem ID: 4096177.</p>

Glucagon sulfoxide shows the same maximal glucose mobilizing activity in rat hepatocytes as native glucagon, but it is less potent, suggesting a crucial role of methionine in the binding of glucagon to its hepatic receptor.

N-terminal sequence of dynorphin A and the neoendorphins.

Nafarelin is a synthetic decapeptide agonist of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) which is approximately 200 times more potent than the natural peptide. Like LHRH nafarelin stimulates the release of the gonadotrophins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary which in turn results in an initial increase of testosterone and estradiol synthesis. Continuous administration of LHRH or one of its analogs causes a sustained down-regulation of circulating LH and FSH levels leading to a suppression of testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis. Currently, nafarelin is indicated for the treatment of endometriosis and for the use in reproductive medicine. CAS Number (nafarelin acetate): 86220-42-0.

Suc-AAPL-pNA, a sensitive substrate for human and especially porcine pancreatic elastases. Substrate for leucine endopeptidase from the psychrotropic bacillus B. cereus.

A ghrelin receptor antagonist. Asakawa et al. found that peripherally administered (D-Lys³)-GHRP-6 (HwkWfK-amide) decreased food intake in lean mice, in mice with diet induced obesity, and in ob/ob obese mice, and that repeated administration of this GHS-R antagonist decreased body weight gain and improved glycaemic control in ob/ob obese mice.

<p>Bachem ID: 4027358.</p>