Oligosaccharides

A antigen pentasaccharide Type I I, possible use in antiviral development

β-(1→2)-Oligomannoside constituents of the Candida albicans cell wall have been shown to possess immunostimulatory properties, as evidenced by induction of cytokine production, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, in humans and mice. In particular, oligosaccharide fractions, isolated and fractionated from the C. albicans cell wall, have been shown to induce TNF production in mouse macrophages. Therefore, biological studies employing well-defined synthetic β-(1→2)-linked oligomannoside compounds are of interest for verifying and studying in detail the proposed immunostimulatory properties of such constructs.

<p>Core antigen fragment in ABO blood group system</p>

Sucralose, an artificial sweetener, was discovered in a research programme supported by Tate & Lyle to halogenate sucrose. The majority of ingested sucralose is not broken down by the body, so it is noncaloric. In the European Union, it has been given the E number E955. Sucralose is about 320 to 1,000 times sweeter than sucrose, three times as sweet as both aspartame and acesulfame potassium, and twice as sweet as sodium saccharin.  It is stable under heat and over a broad range of pH conditions. Therefore, it can be used in baking or in products that require a long shelf life. The commercial success of sucralose-based products stems from its favorable comparison to other low-calorie sweeteners in terms of taste profile, stability, and safety.

<p>Alpha-1,4-glucopentasaccharide derived from starch by hydrolysis and chromatography</p>

Trehalulose is a sugar that is found in plants, animals, and fungi. It is a reaction product of glucose with the enzyme trehalase, which cleaves off two molecules of water to form one molecule of glucose and one molecule of trehalulose. Trehalulose has been shown to be an inhibitor of phosphofructokinase, an enzyme involved in glycolysis. This inhibition can be reversed by the addition of ATP or pyruvate kinase. Trehalulose also has been shown to inhibit the growth of cells by interfering with protein synthesis. Trehalulose may have biological functions including dietary uses as a replacement for sucrose or lactose due to its low calorie content and high level of sweetness.br>br> Trehalulose is structurally similar to sucrose because it has both a glucose part and a fructose part and it will react with hydrogen fluoride (HF) in dry weight reactions, forming trehalo-s

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) have a sweetness of 30–60 % relative to sucrose. They have applications in a wide range of food products such as sweeteners, bulking agents, and sugar substitutes and are found in a range of product types including bread, ‘sports’ drinks, jams, fermented milk, confectionary and desserts. In Europe they are incorporated into infant formula foods.

Sialylated trisaccharide found in human urine

<p>Tumor associated antigen and target for the development of anti-cancer vaccines</p>

<p>Core antigen fragment in ABO blood group system</p>

<p>Monosialyl, monofucosyl-(1-2)-lacto-N-hexaose is a synthetic, fluorinated monosaccharide that is used to modify complex carbohydrates. It can be used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides with a variety of sugar modifications. Monosialyl, monofucosyl-(1-2)-lacto-N-hexaose has the CAS Registry Number 111832-43-9.</p>

Man-9 N-glycan is a glycoprotein that is found on the surface of many viruses. It has an oligosaccharide structure, which consists of a mannose and a glucose molecule linked by an alpha-1,3-glycosidic bond. The Man-9 N-glycan can be found in human serum and is involved in lectin binding to cells. It also has antiviral activity and may be used as a model system for studying glycosidic bonds. This glycan can be broken down into smaller components by methyl glycosides or titration calorimetry, which is a technique for determining the molecular weight of substances. The Man-9 N-Glycan binds to toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on the surface of human cells, which activates an antibody response.

4-O-{4-O-[[2,4-Di-O-acetyl-3-O-[2,4-di-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2--phthalimido--bD--glucopyranosyl)-3,6--di--O--benzyl aDmannopyra nosyl]-6--O-[3,4--di--O--acetyl 2,6--di--O-(3,4,6--tri - O - acetyl 2 - deoxy 2 - phthalimido bDglucopyranosyl) aDmannopyranosyl] } is a synthetic complex carbohydrate. It is an oligosaccharide that can be used in glycosylation reactions. This carbohydrate has been custom synthesized and modified to include methyl groups. The CAS number for this compound is 9461642899.

4-O-(b-D-Glucopyranosyl)-b-D-thioglucopyranose is a methylated, saccharide. It is a polysaccharide that can be modified with Click chemistry to introduce a variety of modifications in order to make it more suitable for different applications. This compound may be glycosylated or fluorinated for use in pharmaceuticals, as well as have its carbohydrate content modified. 4-O-(b-D-Glucopyranosyl)-b-D-thioglucopyranose is used as a synthetic sugar and is CAS No. 97787-84-5.

Sialylated oligosaccharide with the ability to inhibit angiogenesis and tumour development by binding to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR-2. Moreover, sialylated N-glycans in intestinal epithelium of chickens were found to carry terminal sialylgalactose, which interacts with influenza viruses during early stages of infection.

<p>Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan which is a complex carbohydrate that contains repeating disaccharide units of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Heparin has been shown to inhibit the activity of bacterial enzymes involved in fibrinolysis, such as plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and may act as an anticoagulant. Heparin is often used as an anticoagulant in patients with thrombotic disorders, including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or heart attack. Heparin also acts as a cofactor for the activation of clotting factors II (thrombin), VII, IX, X, XI and XII. In addition, it inhibits the activation of factor XIII by preventing its conversion from its inactive form into active factor XIIIa. The molecular weight of heparin is approximately 10 kilodaltons (kDa) and it has a molecular formula</p>

Used for structural and conformational studies and as enzyme substrates

Glycyl-Oligosaccharidesmannose 5 is a high purity, custom synthesis sugar that is fluorinated and glycosylated. It is an oligosaccharide with a mannose backbone and a glycyl group attached to the first mannose. The methylation of the glycyl group on Glycyl-Oligosaccharidesmannose 5 can be modified to produce different derivatives. This carbohydrate has been synthesized and has CAS Number: 68149-46-1.

Non-reducing storage and transport sugar in woody plants; used as a sweetener

<p>3'-Sialyllactose-BSA binds to human serum albumin. It is used in the detection of tumour cells in blood samples, and has been shown to be sensitive for the detection of malignant cells in sera from patients with metastatic breast cancer. 3'-Sialyllactose-BSA can also be used as a probe for the identification of glycosphingolipids in animal tissues. The antibody's specificity for glycosphingolipids was demonstrated by its ability to bind selectively to glycosphingolipid-containing liposomes, but not lipid vesicles without glycosphingolipids.</p>